【摘要】:在我国消费市场中,已经出现了远程销售、直销交易、分时度假等现代消费信用合同的经济行为,为规范市场经济条件下这些新型的经营活动,我国应设定冷却期制度。
冷却期制度,是指在消费者和经营者的买卖合同建立之后,在法律明文规定的一定期限内,消费者可以单方面无条件地解除合同,而不必承担任何违约责任。设定冷却期制度应包括设定冷却期的期限,同时也应该包括设定冷却期制度适用销售方式的范围,如网上交易、上门销售等,还应该规定适用冷却期制度商品的种类。2013年10月25日,新修改的消费者权益保护法(下称“新消法”)在十二届全国人大常委会第五次会议上表决通过,修改后的法律增加规定,经营者采用网络、电视、电话、邮购等方式销售商品,消费者有权自收到商品之日起七日内退货,且无需说明理由,但消费者定做的,鲜活易腐的,在线下载或者消费者拆封的音像制品、计算机软件等数字化商品,交付的报纸、期刊以及其他根据商品性质并经消费者在购买时确认不宜退货的商品除外。
冷却期制度并非主观意愿下产生的,在消费者的博弈论与主权论方面,冷却期制度拥有其坚实的经济学基础。经济发展的客观规律,特别是新兴交易方式的产生加速了冷却期制度的产生。当前,我国新兴交易方式越来越多,例如分期付款、网上交易、电视购物、电话购物、远程交易、上门销售、消费信贷、信用卡的使用等,冷却期制度主要集中适用于上述新兴交易方式。
冷却期制度是社会经济发展的必然产物,是一项保护消费者权益的倾斜性的法律制度。该制度给予了消费者在一定时间内单方面无条件的合同撤回权,同时也是社会经济高度发展的必然结果,是包括公平、诚信、正义、现代社会意识、法律、不断发展变化的社会需求等多种因素相互作用而形成的。冷却期法律制度具有强烈的经济法属性,该制度将倾向于保护消费者的利益,从而可以实现法的实质公平价值,推动社会整体利益的公平公正。
目前,世界上许多国家都规定出具体的条件作为冷却期制度适用的限制。纵观主要国家立法,消费者权益保护法的最新进展之一就是冷却期制度。我国加入世界贸易组织,在世界经济及国家与国家日益联系紧密的今天,我国借鉴它国的消费者权益保护政策是趋势使然。本文参考国外的法律规定,通过了解国外冷却期制度设定的具体内容,就立法模式和冷却期制度的行使方式、适用范围及适用后果等方面有了进一步的认知,冷却期制度自身也顺应了国家对消费者权益进行倾斜性保护的要求。因此,在我国建立冷却期制度是必然的选择。
【关键词】:冷却期;法律制度;消费
Abstract:In China's market,there have been remote sales, direct sales transaction,timeshare andother modern economic behavior of consumer credit contracts. For regulating the marketeconomy under the conditions of these new business activities,our system should be setcooling-ofF period. Cooling system is defined in the contract for the sale of consumers andoperators established, expressly provided for in the law within a certain period,the consumermay cancel the contract unilaterally and unconditionally , without having to assume anyliability for breach . Set the cooling system should include the setting of the deadline, butshould also include setting the cooling system is applicable to sales of the range of ways, suchas online trading, home sales, etc.,should also apply cooling of the system the type of goods.
October 25, 2013,the newly revised Consumer Protection Act ( hereinafter referred to as the“New Consumer Law” ) in the second session of the fifth meeting of the NPC StandingCommittee voted through , the amended law increases,the operator uses Internet, television,telephone, mail order sales of goods , etc.,consumers are entitled to receive the goods withinseven days from the date of return , and without justification , but consumers custom,perishable,and online download or consumers demolition closure of audio-visual products,computer software and other digital products,delivery of newspapers, periodicals and otheritems according to the nature and recognized by consumers in the purchase of goods exceptnot return .
Cooling system is not the subjective intention of the next generation, and in theconsumer's Game Theory and sovereignty, the Cooling system has its solid economicfoundation. The objective laws of economic development, especially in emerging generationtrading system accelerates the cooling of the generation. At present, China is emerging moremd more transactions, such as installment, online trading, TV shopping,telephone shopping,remote trading, home sales, consumer credit, credit card. The cooling system mainly appliesto the emerging trading style.
Cooling system is the inevitable product of social and economic development consumerprotection is a lopsided legal system. The system gives the consumer within a certain time ofthe contract unilaterally and unconditionally the right of withdrawal,but also a high degree ofsocio-economic development of the inevitable result that includes fairness, integrity,justice,consciousness of modern society,laws, evolving societal needs and other formed by theinteraction of factors ? Cooling of the legal system with a strong economic law attributes ofthe system will tend to protect the interests of consumers, which can achieve the essence ofthe fair value method to promote fair and equitable society as a whole.
Currently, many countries have provided a concrete conditions as the cooling system isapplicable limitations period. Looking at the major national legislation, consumer protectionlaw is one of the latest developments in the cooling phase system. China's accession to WTO,countries in the world economy and the country has become increasingly closely linked withtoday, our country learn from its consumer protection policy is the trend dictates. Thisreference to foreign law, foreign cooled by understanding the specific content of the systemsettings, and cooling of the legislative model system to be exercised, the scope and theconsequences for other aspects of cognition has been further cooling of the system itself butalso conform to the state of the consumer protection requirements of the tilt. Therefore, theestablishment in China of cooling system is an inevitable choice.
Key Words: Cooling- off Period ; regime of law ; consumption
引言
冷却期制度,是指在消费者和经营者的买卖合同达成之后,在法律明文规定的一定期限内,消费者可以单方面无条件地解除合同,而不必承担任何违约责任。这是法律给予处于弱势地位的消费者一种倾斜性保护的制度,主要在于改变因经营者和消费者不平等的经济权力及所掌握的交易的信息不相称而产生的经营者与消费者权益不对等,从而实现真正意义上的正义公平。[1]1964年英国颁布实施的《租赁买卖法》就有了“冷却期条款”的规定。[2]该条款规定“在经营者的经营所在地之外的任何地方买方签订了租赁买卖合同或分期付款合同,自收到正式合同的副本之日起4日内买方有权解除该合同”.[3]这个4日的期限即为冷却期。而我国自从1994年实施《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》以来,一直缺少对“冷却期”的规定。我国应否设立冷却期制度是两会以来各代表及法学专家争论的一个热点问题,有的学者对此持否定态度,担心这种“后悔权”的滥用会造成合同交易的不稳定性,导致商品市场的混乱,大部分学者认为,为了跟进时代的步伐,冷却期制度的构建迫在眉睫,但是在冷却期制度的适用范围、适用时间、构建障碍的排除、权利的救济、双方的权利义务等方面争论不一,还没有形成一个统一的看法。2013年10月25日,“新消法”在十二届全国人大常委会第五次会议上表决通过,修改后的法律增加规定,经营者采用网络、电视、电话、邮购等方式销售商品,消费者有权自收到商品之曰起七日内退货,且无需说明理由,但消费者定做的,鲜活易腐的,在线下载或者消费者拆封的音像制品、计算机软件等数字化商品,交付的报纸、期刊以及其他根据商品性质并经消费者在购买时确认不宜退货的商品除外。这是“消法”近二十年来的首次大修,消费者对“后悔权”的享有填补了我国在冷却期制度上的空白。法律规定的缺失、不完善以及理论上的争论不休必然带来司法实践的混乱,因此研究消费者权益保护法冷却期制度的构建对于立法完善、法学理论的发展有着重要的意义。完善冷却期法律制度,对于维护当事人合法权益,保护当事人意思自治,维护交易自愿、公平与平等,促进经济发展有着非常重要的意义。
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