¡¡¡¡Õª Òª
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡Ëæ×ž¼ÃÈ«Çò»¯½ø³ÌµÄ¼Ó¿ì£¬Ô½À´Ô½¶àµÄ¹úÓÐÆóÒµ·×·×Âõ³ö¹úÃÅ£¬¿ªÍغ£ÍâÊг¡¡£×÷Ϊ¹úÓÐÆóÒµµÄÒ»·Ý×Ó£¬A ¹«Ë¾¸üÊÇ»ý¼«ÏìÓ¦¹ú¼ÒºÅÕÙ£¬×ß³ö¹úÃŽø¾üº£ÍâÊг¡£¬¿ªÍغ£ÍâÒµÎñ¡£µ« A ¹«Ë¾×ß³öÈ¥ºóÃæÁÙןüΪ¸´ÔӵĹú¼Ê»·¾³£ºÈËÁ¦³É±¾²»¶ÏÔö¼Ó¡¢Öз½Ô±¹¤Ç©Ö¤ÊÜÏ޵ȣ¬ÔÚµ±µØ¿ªÕ¹ÏîĿҲÊܵ½Ô½À´Ô½¶àµÄÔ¼Êø¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡A ¹«Ë¾ÏÖÐÐÍâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÌåϵ½ÏΪÂäºó£¬ÒÑÄÑÒÔÂú×㹫˾µÄÕ½ÂÔ·¢Õ¹ÐèÇó¡£A ¹«Ë¾Ó¦¸ù¾ÝËùÔÚ¹úµÄÕþÖξ¼Ã»·¾³ÊÊÓ¦ÐԵص÷Õû¹ÜÀíÀíÄîºÍʵ¼ù·½Ê½£¬²¢ÔöÇ¿ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíϵͳ£¬ÒÔ¼ÓǿҵÎñ´´Ðºͷ¢Õ¹ºÏ×÷£¬´Ó¶øÔöÇ¿¾ºÕùÓÅÊÆ¡£Òò´Ë£¬±¾ÎĽ«ÈçºÎÉ趨²¢½¨¹¹ÊÊºÏ A ¹«Ë¾µÄ¹ú¼Ê»¯ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíϵͳ×÷ΪÑо¿¿ÎÌ⣬ÒÔÏà¹ØÀíÂÛΪ»ù´¡£¬½áºÏ A ¹«Ë¾µÄ»ù±¾Çé¿öÒÔ¼°Íâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíµÄÏÖ×´·ÖÎö£¬Í¨¹ýµ÷²éÎÊ¾í·½Ê½»ñÈ¡»ù´¡Êý¾Ý£¬Ì½Ñ° A ¹«Ë¾ÔÚÍâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí¸÷¸ö·½ÃæËù´æÔÚµÈÎÊÌ⣬²¢Õë¶ÔÕâЩÎÊÌâ½áºÏµ±µØ¹úÇ飬´ÓÓÅ»¯ÈËÔ±¹æ»®£¬¸ÄÉÆÕÐÆ¸ÖƶȺÍÁ÷³Ì¡¢ÓÅ»¯Ð½³ê¼¤ÀøÖƶȣ¬¸ÄÉÆ¼¨Ð§¹ÜÀíºÍÅàѵ¹ÜÀíµÄ½Ç¶È£¬Îª A ¹«Ë¾Íâ¼®ÈËÔ±¹ÜÀíÌá³öÓÅ»¯¶Ô²ßÓ뽨Òé¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡±¾ÎĶԹúÓÐʯÓÍÆóÒµ A ¹«Ë¾µÄÍâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÎÊÌâµÄÑо¿£¬²»½öÓÐÖúÓÚ¸ÄÉÆÆä×ÔÉíµÄÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÏÖ×´£¬·á¸»´ËÀàÑо¿µÄ°¸Àý£¬¸ü¶ÔÓÚÍÆ½øÉæÍâÆóÒµÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí¸Ä¸ï£¬ÍêÉÆÆóÒµÍâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí¾ßÓÐÆô·¢Óë½è¼øÒâÒå¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡
¡¡¹Ø¼ü´Ê£º ʯÓÍÆóÒµ£¬Íâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí£¬Îʾíµ÷²é·¨£¬²ßÂÔ¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡Abstract
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡With the acceleration of economic globalization, more and more state-owned enterprises go abroad one after another to explore overseas markets. As a member of the state-owned enterprise, Company A is actively responding to the call of the state to go abroad and expand overseas business. However, after going abroad, Company A is faced with a more complex international environment: increasing labor costs, visa restrictions for Chinese employees, and more and more constraints on local projects.
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡The current foreign human resource management system of Company A is relatively backward, which has been difficult to meet the company's strategic development needs.Company A should adjust its management philosophy and practice according to the political and economic environment of the country where it is located, and strengthen its human resource management system to strengthen business innovation and development cooperation, so as to enhance its competitive advantage. Therefore,this article will be how to set and construct suitable for the internationalization of company A human resource management system as the research subject, on the basis of relevant theories, combining the basic situation of company A and foreign human resources management present situation analysis, by way of questionnaire to obtain basic data, search for company A in foreign human resources management problems existing in various aspects, such as, combined with local conditions, to solve these problems from the optimization of personnel planning, improve the recruitment system and process, optimization of salary incentive system, improve the performance management and training management point of view, to company A of foreign personnel management optimization countermeasures and suggestions are put forward.
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡The study of foreign human resource management in company A, a state-owned oil enterprise, not only helps to improve its own human resource management status,enrich the case study of such research, but also has inspiration and referencesignificance for promoting the reform of foreign enterprise human resource management and improving foreign enterprise human resource management.
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡Keywords: Petroleum Enterprise; Foreign Human Resources Management;Problem; Questionnaire Survey Method; Strategy¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡
¡¡µÚ1ÕÂ ÒýÑÔ¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡1.1¡¢ Ñо¿±³¾°ÓëÒâÒå¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡1.1.1¡¢ Ñо¿±³¾°¼°ÒÀ¾Ý¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡Ëæ×ÅÈ«Çò»¯µÄ·¢Õ¹£¬ÖйúÆóÒµÕýÔÚÏòº£ÍâÀ©ÕÅ£¬Ò²¿ªÊ¼ÔÚÆäËû¹ú¼Ò½øÐй¤³ÌÏîÄ¿£¬¿ªÍغ£ÍâÊг¡¡£¸ù¾Ý¹ú¼ÒÄÜÔ´°²È«ºÍʯÓ͹¤Òµ¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹µÄ¿Í¹ÛÒªÇó£¬Ëæ×ÅÖйú“×ß³öÈ¥”Õ½ÂÔÖð²½Íƽø£¬º£ÍâÒµÎñÒ²ÒѳÉΪÖйúʯÓÍÆóÒµÕûÌåÒµÎñµÄÖØÒª×é³É²¿·Ö¡£ÖйúʯÓÍÆóÒµÒÔ¹ú¼Ê¹¤³Ì³Ð°üΪÖ÷ÒªÒµÎñµÄ¾³ÍⷢչʵÏÖÁË¿ÕǰδÓеÄÔö³¤£¬ÓÈÆäÊǓһ´øÒ»Â·”¹ú¼ÒÕ½ÂÔµÄʵʩÒÔºó£¬Ê¯ÓÍÆóÒµµÄ¹ú¼Ê»¯ÓÐÁËÐÂÄÚº¡£Ãæ¶ÔÀÍÎñÅÉDzÀ§ÄÑÖØÖØ¡¢²»Í¬¹ú±ðÎÄ»¯²îÒì¡¢ÖÆ¶È²îÒìµÈʵ¼Ê´æÔÚµÄÌôÕ½£¬ÖйúʯÓÍÆóÒµ¹ú¼ÊÈËÁ¦×ʱ¾Éî¶È¿ª·¢£¬Ì½Ë÷ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíµÄÕ½ÂÔ¼ÛÖµ£¬ÊÇÆóÒµ¹ú¼Ê»¯¾Óª¼«¾ßÌôÕ½ÐԵĿÎÌâ¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡ºÜ¶àʯÓÍÆóÒµµÄº£ÍâÏîÄ¿ÓÉÓÚ²»Í¬Çø¿é¡¢²»Í¬½×¶Î¡¢²»Í¬×ÊÔ´ÌØÐÔ£¬ÐèÒªÕë¶Ô²»Í¬ÏîÄ¿µÄ¾ßÌåÌØÕ÷ºÍËù´¦»·¾³£¬Æ½ºâ¸÷Àà×ÊÔ´ºÍÖÆÔ¼ÐÔÒòËØ£¬ÔÚÓÐÏÞʱ¼äÄÚʵÏÖ×î´óͶ×ʻر¨¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÊµÐÐÏîÄ¿ÖÆµÄº£ÍâʯÓÍÆóÒµ¶ÔÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíµÄÓ¦±äÄÜÁ¦ºÍ·´Ó¦ËÙ¶ÈÓÐÁ˸ü¸ßÒªÇó¡£ÏîÄ¿ÖÆµÄº£ÍâʯÓÍÆóÒµ±ØÐëÔڹ涨µÄÆÚÏÞÄÚÍê³ÉÄ³Ð©ÌØ¶¨µÄÄ¿±ê£¬²¢ÇÒÑϸñ°´ÕÕºÏͬÍê³É¹¤ÆÚ¡£Õâ¾ÍÒªÇóÆóÒµÔÚÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÖÐÓÐËù²àÖØ£¬Ç¿»¯ÕÐÆ¸£¬Ð½³ê¼¨Ð§£¬Åàѵ£¬ÀÍ×ʹØÏµµÈ¹ÜÀíÄ£¿é£¬Èõ»¯Åàѵ¡¢Ö°Òµ¹æ»®Ä£¿é£»ÓÉÓÚ²»Í¬¹ú¼ÒµÄÎÄ»¯¡¢·¨ÂÉ¡¢·¨¹æºÍÕþ²ß²»Í¬£¬¹úÄÚµÄÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíģʽÎÞ·¨ÍêÈ«ÊÊÓÃÓÚ¹ÜÀí¸ÃÏîÄ¿µÄ¹ú¼ÊÔ±¹¤¡£º£ÍâʯÓÍÆóÒµÓ¦½áºÏ¹úÄڵĹÜÀíģʽºÍµ±µØÊµ¼Ê£¬×ðÖØÃ¿¸ö¹ú¼ÒµÄÎÄ»¯²îÒ죬×ñÊØµ±µØ·¨ÂÉ·¨¹æ£¬½¨Á¢ÊʺϺ£ÍâÏîÄ¿µÄÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíģʽ¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¹ú¼ÊÕþÖξ»·¾³ºÍ¿ç¹ú¿çÎÄ»¯Ëù´øÀ´µÄ²îÒ컯£¬Ô±¹¤Éú»îϰ¹ß¡¢×Ú½ÌÐÅÑöºÍÉç»áÎÄ»¯¡¢Ë¼Î¬·½Ê½¡¢Éú»î¾Àú¡¢½ÌÓý±³¾°¡¢¼ÛÖµ¹ÛÄîµÈ²îÒ죬¶Ô A ¹«Ë¾º£Íâ·¢Õ¹ÓÐ×ÅÖØÒªÓ°Ï죬ÕâÖÖÓ°Ïì¸ü¶àµÄ±íÏÖΪ²»ÀûÒòËØ¡£ÔÚ¾ßÌåʵʩÍÁ¿âÂüÏîÄ¿ÕâÒ»¿ç¹ú¡¢¿çÎÄ»¯µÄÏîÄ¿¹ý³ÌÖУ¬¸üÊDZ©Â¶³öÁË»ù´¡±¡ÈõµÄ¹ú¼Ê»¯¹ÜÀí£º¶ÔÍâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí¾Ñé²»×㣬ûÓн¨Á¢½¡È«µÄÍâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÌåϵ£¬È±·¦±¾µØ»¯È˲Ź滮£¬È±·¦ºÏÀíµÄн³ê¼¤ÀøÊֶΣ¬È±·¦ÓÐЧµÄ¼¨Ð§¿¼ºËÌåϵ£¬È±·¦ÏµÍ³µÄרҵ»¯ÅàѵµÈһϵÁоßÌåÎÊÌâ¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡ÔÚ±¾ÎÄÖУ¬ÒÔÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÀíÂۺ͹ú¼ÊÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÀíÂÛΪÒÀ¾Ý£¬×ÅÑÛÓÚ A¹«Ë¾µÄÍâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÎÊÌâ£¬ÖØµãÑо¿ÖйúʯÓÍÆóÒµº£Í⹤³Ì½¨ÉèÏîÄ¿Íâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíµÄÎÊÌ⣬³¢ÊÔÐÔµØÎª¹úÓÐʯÓÍÆóÒµÍâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÌá³öÁËÓÅ»¯½¨Òé¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡
1.1.2¡¢ Ñо¿Ä¿µÄ¼°ÒâÒå¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡ÍÁ¿âÂü˹̹ÊǓһ´øÒ»Â·”ÑØÏßµÄÖØÒª¹ú¼Ò£¬Ä¿Ç°Ã¿ÄêÌṩ¹úÄÚÈý·ÖÖ®Ò»ÌìÈ»Æø½ø¿Ú×ÜÁ¿¡£A ¹«Ë¾ÊÇÖØµãº£ÍâÊг¡Ö®Ò»£¬½üÄêÀ´±£³ÖÄê¾ùÓªÒµ¶îÁ½ÒÚÃÀÔªÒÔÉϵijÉÊìÎȶ¨µÄÊг¡£¬ÊÇÖÐʯÓ͹¤³Ì¹«Ë¾º£ÍâÕûÌåÕ½ÂÔµÄÓлú×é³É²¿·Ö¡£A ¹«Ë¾×Ô 2008 Äê½øÈëÍÁ¿âÂü˹̹ÓÍÆø½¨ÉèÊг¡£¬Î§ÈÆÓÍÆøÌïµØÃæ½¨ÉèÒµÎñÂ½Ðø¿ªÕ¹ÆøÌOÊäºÍ¾®¿Ú°²×°¹¤³Ì£¬ÓÍÌïÁãÐǼìÐÞÏîÄ¿µÈ½ü°ÙÏ³Ì£¬Öð²½È·Á¢Á˹«Ë¾ÔÚÍÁ¿âÂüÓÍÆø½¨ÉèÁìÓòµÄºËÐľºÕùÁ¦µØÎ»¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡³É¹¦µÄ×öºÃº£ÍâÏîÄ¿Íâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÒÔ¼°ÈçºÎÓÐЧ½â¾öÓëÍâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÓйصĸ÷ÖÖÎÊÌ⣬ÊǺ£ÍâʯÓÍÆóÒµ¹ÜÀíÃæÁÙµÄÖØÒªÎÊÌ⡣ΪÁ˽â¾öº£ÍâÏîÄ¿ÖеÄÍâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÎÊÌ⣬¾ÍÒª¶ÔÍâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí½øÐе÷²é·ÖÎö£¬µ÷²éÆäÔË×÷ºÍ¹ÜÀíЧ¹û£¬ÆÊÎöÆä´æÔÚµÄÎÊÌ⣬Ȼºó½â¾öÎÊÌ⣬½ø¶øÍêÉÆÍâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÖÆ¶È£¬×î´ó³Ì¶ÈµØ·¢»ÓÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíµÄ×÷Óá£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡Íâ¼®¹ÍÔ±ÊÇʯÓÍÆóÒµº£ÍâÏîÄ¿µÄÖØÒª¹¹³É²¿·Ö£¬ÊÇÈ·±£ÏîÄ¿³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹¡¢ÍØÕ¹º£ÍâÊг¡µÄÖØÒªÒòËØ£¬¹ÍÔ±±¾µØ»¯ÊÇÆóÒµ¹ú¼Ê»¯·¢Õ¹µÄ±ØÈ»Ç÷ÊÆ¡£A ¹«Ë¾µÄÍâ¼®¹ÍÔ±²»½öÊÇÆä×éÖ¯ÏÖ³¡Ê©¹¤µÄÖ÷Á¦¾ü£¬¶øÇÒÊÇÆäÍØÕ¹º£ÍâÊг¡µÄÖØÒªÁ¦Á¿¡£ËûÃÇÊìϤ¸÷ÖÖ¹æÔò£¬Á˽Ȿ¹ú¹úÇéºÍÏà¹Ø°ìʳÌÐò£¬ËûÃÇÔÚÏîÄ¿·¢Õ¹×³´ó¡¢¶ÓÎéά³ÖÎȶ¨ÄËÖÁÓëÏîÄ¿ËùÔÚ¹ú¸÷¸ö²ãÃæ½»Á÷¹µÍ¨¶¼·¢»Ó×Ų»¿É»òȱµÄÖØÒª×÷Óá£ÉîÈëϵͳµÄÑо¿ A ¹«Ë¾µÄÍâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÏÖ×´£¬¶ÔÓÚÌá¸ßÆäÍâ¼®¹ÍÔ±¹ÜÀíˮƽºÍÌá¸ßÍâ¼®Ô±¹¤µÄÂúÒâ¶È£¬µ÷¶¯Íâ¼®Ô±¹¤µÄ¹¤×÷»ý¼«ÐԺ͹¤×÷ЧÂÊÓкܴó°ïÖú£»ÓÐÀûÓÚ A ¹«Ë¾Ê÷Á¢Á¼ºÃµÄ¹ú¼ÊÐÎÏó£¬ÔöÇ¿Êг¡¾ºÕùÁ¦£¬´Ù½øÆóÒµ¾¼ÃÐ§Òæ£»Í¬Ê±Ò²ÎªÖйúʯÓÍÆóÒµº£ÍâÏîÄ¿ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÌṩÀíÂÛÒÀ¾ÝºÍʵ¼ùÖ¸µ¼¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡
¡¡1.2¡¢ Ñо¿ÏÖ×´·ÖÎö¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡1.2.1 ¡¢ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÀíÂ۸ſö¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡°éËæÈËÀàÉç»áºÍÏÖ´úÎÄÃ÷µÄ³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹£¬ÓëÖ®¶ÔÓ¦µÄ¹ÜÀíÎÄ»¯Ò²ÔÚ²»¶Ï·¢Õ¹¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡×Ô 20 ÊÀ¼ÍÒÔÀ´£¬¹úÄÚÍâµÄ¸÷ר¼ÒѧÕß¶ÔÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí¶¼ÓÐÁ˽ÏÉîÈëµÄÑо¿£¬±¾ÎĶÔÕâЩÑо¿½á¹ûºÍÀíÂÛ½øÐÐÁËÈçÏÂÕûÀí£º
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡±ËµÂ·µÂ³¿Ë£¨1954£©Ö÷ÕÅ“ÓëÆäËü×ÊÔ´Ïà±È£¬Î¨Ò»µÄÇø±ðÊǹÜÀíµÄ¶ÔÏóÊÇÈË”£¬²¢Ìá³öÁË“ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´”µÄ¸ÅÄî¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡À×Ãɵ·ÂõÀÕ˹£¨1965£©Ìá³öÁË“ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´Ä£ÐÍ”£¬²¢Ê¹“ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´”³ÉΪÁËÈ·ÇеĸÅÄî¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡±ËµÃÉ£¨1979£©´ÓϵͳµÄ½Ç¶È·ÖÎöÁËÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíµÄ·¶Î§£º“¹«Ë¾µÄÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí¶¼Ó¦¸ÃÉæ¼°ÕÐÆ¸¡¢ÕçÑ¡¡¢¼¨Ð§ÆÀ¹À¡¢Ð½³êºÍÔ±¹¤¿ª·¢ÒÔ¼°ÀÍ×Ê̸ÅД¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡Âõ¿Ë¶û·±È¶û£¨1984£©ÈÏΪÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´ÊÇ×éÖ¯µÄµÚÒ»×ÊÔ´£¬ÐγÉÁËÍêÕûµÄÕ½ÂÔÐÔÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´ÀíÂÛ¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡ºÍ¶«ºì£¨2011£© Ìá³öËØÖÊÄ£ÐÍ£¬ÔÚ²½Èë֪ʶ¾¼Ãʱ´úµÄ»·¾³Ï£¬ÏÖ´úÆóҵȱ·¦ÏµÍ³¡¢¿ÆÑ§µÄÈÏÖª£¬¹ÛÄîÉÏÈÔ´æÔÚÎóÇø£¬Òò´ËÖ÷ÕÅËØÖÊÄ£Ð͹㷺ӦÓá£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡ÐíÇÚ£¨2016£©»ùÓÚ½»»¥ÀíÂÛºÍÆÚÍûÀíÂÛ£¬Ì½¾¿ÁËÐÂÒ»´úÔ±¹¤ÈϿɵİüÈÝÐÔÁìµ¼¶ÔÆä»ý¼«ÐÐΪµÄÓ°Ï죬²¢Ö¤Ã÷ÁËÒÔ¹¤×÷Ϊµ¼ÏòµÄ¹¤×÷ºÍ²¿ÃŵļÛÖµ£¬²¢·Ö±ð·ÖÎöÁËÉÏÊö¹ØÏµµÄµ÷½Ú×÷Óá£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡ËïÁ¢ÔÆ£¨2016£©Í¨¹ý½¨Á¢Ò»¸ö¹æ·¶µÄÖнéÄ£ÐÍÀ´Ñо¿½áÂÛ¶Ô¹ÜÀíʵ¼ùµÄÓ°Ï죬ÔÚÖнéÄ£ÐÍÖУ¬ÊʶȵÄÖÐӹ˼ά»áÓ°ÏìÔ±¹¤ÊÊÓ¦ÐÔ¼¨Ð§¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¸¶²©£¨2017£©·¢ÏÖ£¬ÔÚÖйúµÄ¹úÇéÏ£¬Áìµ¼ÕߵIJîÒ컯Áìµ¼ÐÐΪ¼Ó¾çÁË“¹ØÏµ”µÄ²îÒ죬´Ó¶ø×è°ÁËÍŶӺ͸öÌ崴м¨Ð§µÄÌá¸ß¡£ÖªÊ¶¹²Ïí¶ÔÓÚ×éÖ¯µÄ֪ʶ´´ÔìºÍ¾ºÕùÓÅÊÆÖÁ¹ØÖØÒª¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡³Â´º»¨£¨2018£©Ö¸³ö£¬×éÖ¯³ÉÔ±³ÖÐøµÄ´´ÔìÁ¦ÊÇ»ù±¾µÄ½â¾ö·½°¸£¬Ê×ÏÈÒª½â¾ö×éÖ¯ÃæÁٵIJ»È·¶¨ÐÔÕâÒ»ºËÐÄÌôÕ½¡£ÔÚÖØ´ó±ä¸ïʱ´ú£¬ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´ÓëÕ½ÂÔ¹ÜÀíÖ®¼äµÄ¸ß¶ÈÆõºÏ£¬ÊÇ×éÖ¯»ñµÃ¿É³ÖÐø¾ºÕùÓÅÊÆµÄ¹Ø¼ü¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡
¡¡1.2.2¡¢ ¹ú¼ÊÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÑо¿ÏÖ×´¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡Ëæ×ÅÊÀ½ç¾¼ÃµÄ·¢Õ¹£¬ÖÚ¶àѧÕß¶Ô¹ú¼ÊÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÀíÂÛºÍʵ¼ùÓ¦ÓýøÐÐÁËÑо¿²¢ÓÐÁËÐí¶àз¢ÏÖ£¬±¾ÎľÍĿǰ¹úÄÚÍâѧÊõ½çÔÚ´Ë·½Ãæ½øÐеÄÑо¿Óë·¢ÏÖ½øÐÐÊáÀíÓë×ܽá, ÒÔÆÚÄÜΪ¹ú¼ÊʯÓÍÆóÒµµÄº£ÍâÏîĿʵ¼ùÌṩһ¶¨µÄÀíÂÛÖ¸µ¼¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡´ÓÕâЩÑо¿ºÍʵ¼ùÖУ¬²»ÄÑ·¢ÏÖ£¬¹ú¼ÊÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÖ÷񻃾¼°Á½¸ö·½Ã棺
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡£¨1£©¹ú¼ÊÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÑо¿Ó¦°üº¬¸÷¸ö½Ç¶È£¬²»Í¬ÎÄ»¯¸ÅÄîºÍÉç»á¼ÛÖµ»áÏ໥×÷Óá£Ricks£¨1990£©µÈÈËÈÏΪ£¬¹ú¼ÊÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÖÐÐèÒª¿¼ÂǹúÄÚÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíµÄ¸÷¸ö·½Ãæ¡£ÕÔÊïÃ÷£¨2001£©ÈÏΪ£¬¹ú¼ÊÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíʵ¼ÊÉÏÉæ¼°Èý¸ö·½Ã棺ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí»î¶¯£¬¼´ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´µÄ»ñÈ¡¡¢·ÖÅäºÍÀûÓã»Éæ¼°¹ú¼ÊÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´µÄÈý¸ö¹ú¼Ò£¬ÀýÈç¶«µÀ¹ú¡¢Ä¸¹úºÍµÚÈý¹ú£»¿ç¹ú¹«Ë¾µÄ¹ÍÔ±£¬¼´¶«µÀ¹ú¹ÍÔ±¡¢Ä¸¹ú¹ÍÔ±ºÍµÚÈý¹ú¹ÍÔ±¡£Öܾ¢²¨ºÍ³Ì¾²£¨2015£©µÄÑо¿ÖصãÊǹú¼ÊÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí¡¢ÖÐСÆóÒµ¹ú¼Ê´´Òµ¼¨Ð§ºÍ¹ú¼Ê¶¯Ì¬ÄÜÁ¦Ö®¼äµÄ¹ØÏµ£¬¹ú¼ÊÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíʵ¼ùͨ¹ý¶¯Ì¬¹ÜÀíµÈһϵÁлÀ´»ñÈ¡¡¢¹²ÏíºÍ´´ÐÂ֪ʶ£¬ÕâЩ»î¶¯°üÀ¨ÕÐÆ¸¡¢ÕçÑ¡¡¢Åàѵ·¢Õ¹£¬²¢ÇÒͨ¹ý¶ÔÕâЩ֪ʶ½øÐÐÕûºÏºÍÖØ×飬ÔöÇ¿¹ú¼Ê¶¯Ì¬ÄÜÁ¦£¬¹ú¼Ê¶¯Ì¬ÄÜÁ¦µÄ¼ÛÖµÐÔ¡¢¸´ÖƺÍÄ£·ÂµÄÄѶȽø¶øÌá¸ßÁËÆóÒµ¹ú¼Ê´´Òµ¼¨Ð§¡£ÕÅÉÙÃô£¨2015£©Ö¸³öÔÚ¹ú¼ÊÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí»î¶¯ÖУ¬Ó¦¹æ±ÜÎÄ»¯³åÍ»¼°Ãô¸ÐÕþÖηçÏÕ£¬ÓÐЧ¿ªÕ¹ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´»î¶¯£¬ÊµÏÖ¹«Ë¾¹æÄ£¡¢ÓÐЧ¡¢¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹¡£Àî¹úÌ«£¨2018£©Í¨¹ýÑо¿µ±µØ·¨ÂÉÖÆ¶È£¬Öƶ¨Õë¶Ôµ±µØ¹ÍÔ±µÄרÏî¹ÜÀíÖÆ¶È£¬Í¬Ê±£¬²ÎÕÕ¹úÄÚͨÐÐ×ö·¨£¬ÒýÈëÖйú¹ÜÀíÔªËØ£¬±àÖÆ¸÷ÀàʵÓÃ±íµ¥£¬´Ó¶øÌá¸ß¹¤×÷ЧÂÊ¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡£¨2£©¿ç¹ú¹ÜÀíµÄ¸´ÔÓÐÔºÍÆ¸Óò»Í¬¹ú¼®¹ÍÔ±µÄ±ØÒªÐÔ¡£Aylor£¨1996£©ÈÏΪ¹ú¼ÊÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÊÇÓÃÀ´ÎüÒý¡¢¿ª·¢ºÍά»¤¿ç¹ú¹«Ë¾ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´µÄ²»Í¬»î¶¯¡¢Ö°Äܺ͹ý³ÌµÄ¼¯ºÏ¡£Nixon ºÍ Burns£¨2005£©ÈÏΪ¹ú¼ÊÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí±¾ÖÊÉÏÊÇ·þÎñºÍÖ§³ÖÕ½ÂÔÄ¿±êµÄʵÏÖ¡£Schuler ºÍ Tarique£¨2007£©ÈÏΪ¹ú¼ÊÈËÁ¦¹ÜÀíÊÇ¿ç¹ú¹«Ë¾ÔÚÈ«ÇòÊг¡ÉϽøÐÐÈ˲ŵÄÓÐЧ¹ÜÀí£¬ÒÔ±ã»ñµÃÏÔ×ŵľºÕùÓÅÊÆ²¢È¡µÃÈ«Çò·¶Î§Äڵijɹ¦¡£Holtbrügge ºÍ Mohr£¨2011£©»ùÓÚ×ÊÔ´Êӽǣ¬Ê¹ÓÃÁËÒ»¼ÒµÂ¹ú¿ç¹ú¹«Ë¾ÔÚÆä×Ó¹«Ë¾Óë¸÷ÖÖ¹ú¼ÊÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíʵ¼ùÖ®¼ä½øÐеľÑé²âÊÔ¡£Ö¤Ã÷ÁË×Ó¹«Ë¾Ô±¹¤µÄ¹ú¼Ê¾Ñéˮƽ£¬ÌṩµÄÅàѵ£¬¿çÎÄ»¯¹ÜÀíÍŶӵÄÓ¦ÓÃÒÔ¼°Ô±¹¤ÆÀ¹ÀºÍн³ê·½·¨µÄÑ¡ÔñÓë¸÷×Ó¹«Ë¾¼äµÄÒÀÀµ³Ì¶ÈÏà¹Ø¡£ÕÅÉÙÃô£¨2015£©ÈÏΪ¹«Ë¾ÐèÒªÔÚ¶«µÀ¹úµÄÎÄ»¯»·¾³ÖÐÃæ¶Ô¶àÖÖÊÊÓ¦Õ½ÂÔ¡£ÆäÖУ¬¸ü¼ÓÓÑÉÆµÄÈËÃDZØÐë“ÓëËûÈËÏà´¦”£¬²¢×ñÑÎÄ»¯²ßÂÔ£¬´¦´¦¶¼Ó¦¿¼ÂǶ«µÀ¹úµÄÌØÊâ×ڽ̣¬ÕþÖκÍÎÄ»¯ÌØÕ÷ºÍÇ÷ÊÆ¡£ÕÔ³ÉÁ¢ºÍÃ÷Éٺ꣨2016£©ÈÏΪҪ¼á³Ö×öºÃÔ±¹¤ÊôµØ»¯¹ÜÀíµÄÅàѵ¹¤×÷£¬ÔÚÖйúÎÄ»¯ºÍµ±µØÎÄ»¯¡¢ÓïÑÔ½»Á÷¡¢Ô±¹¤ÊØÔò¡¢Ó¦ÖªÓ¦»á¡¢×¨ÒµÖªÊ¶¡¢×¨Òµ¼¼ÄÜ¡¢ÊµÑµ²Ù×÷¡¢Ê¦¸µ´øÍ½¡¢¼¼ÄܾºÈüµÈһϵÁÐÅàѵ»î¶¯ÖУ¬×öµ½Óз½°¸¡¢Óн̲ġ¢ÓÐ×ÊÁÏ¡¢Óн̷¨¡¢Óп¼ÆÀ¡¢ÓÐ×ܽᣬ´Ó¶øÔì¾ÍÒ»Ö§ÓÐÀíÏë¡¢ÓÐÎÄ»¯¡¢ÓмÍÂÉ¡¢Óм¼Äܵĵ±µØÔ±¹¤¶ÓÎé¡£Óà·½³¬£¨2017£©Ö¸³öÒª¶Ôµ±µØÔ±¹¤½øÐÐϵͳ»¯Åàѵ¡¢Îȶ¨µ±µØÔ±¹¤¶ÓÎéºÍÍØÕ¹ÈËÔ±ÊäÈëÇþµÀ£¬½¨Á¢ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¿â£¬Óëµ±µØÆäËûÖÐ×ÊÆóÒµ¹²ÏíÐÅÏ¢¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¾ÓÉÓÚ±¾ÆªÎÄÕÂΪ˶ʿÂÛÎÄ£¬ÈçÐèÈ«ÎÄÇëµã»÷µ×²¿ÏÂÔØÈ«ÎÄÁ´½Ó¡¿
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡1.3 Ñо¿ÄÚÈÝÓë·½°¸
¡¡¡¡1.3.1 Ñо¿ÄÚÈÝ
¡¡¡¡1.3.2 ¼¼Êõ·ÏßÓëÑо¿·½°¸
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡
µÚ 2 Õ Ïà¹ØÀíÂÛ»ù´¡
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡2.1 ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí
¡¡¡¡2.1.1 ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí¶¨Òå
¡¡¡¡2.1.2 ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíµÄ×÷ÓÃ
¡¡¡¡2.1.3 ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÌåϵ
¡¡¡¡2.2 ¹ú¼ÊÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÏà¹ØÀíÂÛ
¡¡¡¡2.2.1 ¹ú¼ÊÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÄÚÈÝ
¡¡¡¡2.2.2 ¹ú¼ÊÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíµÄ¹¦ÄÜ
¡¡¡¡
¡¡
¡¡µÚ 3 Õ A ¹«Ë¾Íâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÏÖ×´
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡3.1 A ¹«Ë¾·¢Õ¹±³¾°
¡¡¡¡3.2 A ¹«Ë¾¸Å¿ö
¡¡¡¡3.3 A ¹«Ë¾ÃæÁÙµÄÌôÕ½
¡¡¡¡3.4 A ¹«Ë¾ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´ÏÖ×´
¡¡¡¡3.4.1 ×éÖ¯½á¹¹
¡¡¡¡3.4.2 A ¹«Ë¾µÄÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´ÅäÖÃ
¡¡¡¡3.5 A ¹«Ë¾Íâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÏÖ×´
¡¡¡¡3.5.1 ÕÐÆ¸
¡¡¡¡3.5.2 н³ê¼¤Àø
¡¡¡¡3.5.3 ¼¨Ð§¿¼ºË
¡¡¡¡3.5.4 Åàѵ¹ÜÀí
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡
µÚ 4 Õ A ¹«Ë¾Íâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÎÊÌâµ÷²éÓë·ÖÎö
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡4.1 µ÷²éÎʾíÉè¼Æ
¡¡¡¡4.1.1 µ÷²éÎʾíµÄÄ¿µÄ
¡¡¡¡4.1.2 Éè¼ÆÔÔò
¡¡¡¡4.1.3 ÄÚÈÝÉè¼Æ
¡¡¡¡4.2 Ñù±¾Ñ¡Ôñ¼°µ÷²éʵʩ¹ý³Ì
¡¡¡¡4.2.1 Îʾíµ÷²éÑù±¾Ñ¡Ôñ
¡¡¡¡4.2.2 µ÷²éÎʾíµÄ·¢·ÅºÍ»ØÊÕ
¡¡¡¡4.3 µ÷²éÎʾíÓÐЧÐÔ·ÖÎö
¡¡¡¡4.4 µ÷²éÎʾí½á¹û·ÖÎöÑо¿
¡¡¡¡4.4.1 »ù±¾ÐÅÏ¢µ÷²é½á¹û·ÖÎö
¡¡¡¡4.4.2 ÕÐÆ¸Öƶȵĵ÷²é·ÖÎö
¡¡¡¡4.4.3 н³êÓ뼤ÀøÖƶȷÖÎö
¡¡¡¡4.4.4 ¹ÜÀí¼¼ÊõÈËÔ±¼¨Ð§¿¼ºËÖÆ¶È·ÖÎö
¡¡¡¡4.4.5 ÅàÑµÖÆ¶ÈÎÊÌâ·ÖÎö
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡
µÚ 5 Õ A ¹«Ë¾Íâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÓÅ»¯²ßÂÔ
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡5.1 ÔÔò
¡¡¡¡5.2 Ä¿±ê
¡¡¡¡5.3 Ö÷ÒªÄÚÈÝ
¡¡¡¡5.3.1 ÓÅ»¯Íâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹æ»®
¡¡¡¡5.3.2 ÍêÉÆÕÐÆ¸ÖƶÈÓëÁ÷³Ì
¡¡¡¡5.3.3 ÓÅ»¯Ð½³ê¼°¼¤ÀøÖƶÈ
¡¡¡¡5.3.4 ÍêÉÆ¼¨Ð§¹ÜÀíÌåϵ
¡¡¡¡5.3.5 ¸Ä½øÅàѵ¹ÜÀí
¡¡¡¡µÚ6Õ ½áÂÛ
¡¡¡¡ÓÉÓÚÊÀ½ç¾¼ÃµÄ·ÉËÙ·¢Õ¹ºÍ¾¼ÃÒ»Ì廯½ø³ÌµÄ¼Ó¿ì£¬ÓÍÆøÖ®¼äµÄÄÜÔ´¾ºÕùÔ½À´Ô½¼¤ÁÒ¡£Èç¹û A ¹«Ë¾ÏëÔÚ¼¤ÁÒµÄÈ«ÇòÊг¡¾¼Ã¾ºÕùÖÐÉú´æºÍ·¢Õ¹£¬ÐèÒª¼Ó¿ìÔ±¹¤µÄ±¾ÍÁ»¯½ø³Ì£¬Ìá¸ß¹ú¼Ê»¯Òâʶ£»²¢ÇÒÒªÎ§ÈÆ¹«Ë¾·¢Õ¹Õ½ÂÔ£¬Öƶ¨Íâ¼°¹ÍÔ±ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹æ»®£¬ÓÅ»¯ÍêÉÆÍâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÖÆ¶È£»Í¬Ê±£¬²»¶ÏÒý½øºÍÅàѵÓÅÐãµÄÍâ¼®Ô±¹¤£¬Öð²½½¨Á¢ÊʺÏÍÁ¿âÂüµ±µØ¹úÇéµÄÍâ¼®¹ÍÔ±¹ÜÀíÖÆ¶È¡£
¡¡¡¡±¾ÎÄÒÔ A ¹«Ë¾Íâ¼®¹ÍÔ±ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíΪÑо¿¶ÔÏó£¬Í¨¹ýÎÄÏ׺Í×ÊÁÏÊÕ¼¯£¬Á˽âÆäÔÚÕÐÆ¸¹ÜÀí¡¢Ð½³ê¼¤Àø¡¢¼¨Ð§¿¼ºËºÍÅàѵ¹ÜÀíÖÐÖÆ¶¨µÄ¹æÕÂÖÆ¶ÈºÍ²Ù×÷Á÷³Ì£¬²¢ÔÚʵ¼Ê¹¤×÷Öз¢ÏÖÆäÖдæÔÚµÄÎÊÌ⡣ͨ¹ýËæ»ú³éÑùѡȡ¾ßÓдú±íÐԵĵ÷²é¶ÔÏó£¬¶Ô A ¹«Ë¾µÄÍâ¼®Ô±¹¤½øÐÐÁËÎʾíµ÷²é£¬µÃµ½ÁËÒ»ÊÖÊý¾Ý£¬´Ó¶øÓ¡Ö¤ÁË֮ǰÔÚÍâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÖз¢ÏÖµÄÎÊÌ⣬²¢·ÖÎöÆä²úÉúµÄÔÒò£¬½ø¶øÌá³öÁËÕÐÆ¸·½Ê½±ê×¼»¯¡¢³ÌÐò»¯£»×¢ÖØÐ½³êµÄ¹«Æ½ÐÔ£¬µ÷Õûн³ê½á¹¹£»Ï¸»¯¿¼ºËÖ¸±ê£¬½¨Á¢·´À¡»úÖÆ£»×ª±äÅàѵÀíÄÍêÉÆ¿¼ºË»úÖÆµÈһϵÁдëÊ©¡£Ï£ÍûÒÔ´ËÄÜ¶Ô A ¹«Ë¾µÄÍâ¼®ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíµÄ¸Ä½øÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£
¡¡¡¡ÒòΪ×ÔÉíµÄ֪ʶˮƽ¡¢×¨ÒµÄÜÁ¦ºÍ×ÊÔ´ÓÐÏÞ£¬±¾ÎÄÔÚһЩÓÅ»¯Ï¸½Ú·½ÃæÈÔÈ»ÓиĽøµÄ¿Õ¼ä¡£ÂÛÎÄÑо¿½á¹ûµÄ׼ȷÐԺͿÉÐÐÐÔ»¹ÐèÒªºÜ³¤Ê±¼ä²ÅÄÜÔÚʵ¼ÊÓ¦ÓÃÖеõ½ÑéÖ¤¡£
¡¡¡¡²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×