浅析主观社会阶层对跨期选择的影响

　　摘要

 

　　人们比较不同时间点选项的利益，进而做出判断决策的过程就是跨期选择。

 

　　根据阶层的社会认知理论，社会阶层形成的环境特征产生了特定的思维和行为方式，本研究整合有关阶层的最新研究视角，探讨主观社会阶层对跨期选择的影响，以及提出了两个可能的调节变量：机会成本和威胁线索。分别考察它们在二者关系中的调节作用。丰富了与阶层有关的研究领域和促进了对影响跨期选择个体变量的理解。

 

　　研究 1A 初步探讨主观社会阶层与跨期选择之间的关系。采用问卷法，以 150名本科生为被试，主观社会阶层通过让被试报告主观上的社会地位，跨期选择选用的是固定顺序滴定任务，以延迟折扣率为指标。结果发现，主观社会阶层越高的大学生，其延迟折扣率越小，表明更加偏好延迟等待（LL），即能够延迟满足；而主观社会阶层越低的大学生，其延迟折扣率越大，表明更加偏好立即奖赏（SS）。

 

　　研究 1B 通过操纵主观社会阶层，探讨主观社会阶层与跨期选择之间的因果关系，跨期选择任务是具体情境下的双选项任务，评估 7 点量表代表跨期选择偏好。结果发现，相对于主观社会阶层高的大学生，主观社会阶层低的大学生在跨期选择任务中更偏好立即奖赏（SS），而主观社会阶层高的大学生在跨期选择任务中更偏好延迟等待（LL）。

 

　　研究二通过引入机会成本变量，采用 2（阶层启动：高/低）×2（机会成本提示：有/无）的被试间实验设计，以 147 名在校本科生为被试，随机分配到四种条件下，因变量通过评估 7 点量表代表跨期选择偏好。结果发现，在有机会成本提示的条件下，主观社会阶层高的大学生要比主观社会阶层低的大学生更偏好立即奖赏（SS）；在无机会成本提示的条件下，主观社会阶层低的大学生要比主观社会阶层高的大学生更偏好立即奖赏（SS）；机会成本提示只会影响高阶层组的被试，而对低阶层组并无影响。

 

　　研究三通过引入威胁线索变量，采用 2（阶层启动：高/低）×2 （威胁线索：

 

　　有/无）的被试间实验设计，以 102 名在校本科生为被试，随机分配到四种条件下，因变量通过评估 7 点量表代表跨期选择偏好。结果发现，在有威胁线索条件下，主观社会阶层低的大学生比主观社会阶层高的大学生更偏好立即满足（SS）；在控制组条件下，不同主观社会阶层的跨期选择偏好之间没有显著差异。

 

　　基于以上研究得出结论：不同主观社会阶层影响个体跨期选择偏好，与高阶层相比，低阶层在跨期选择中更偏好立即满足（SS）；机会成本在主观社会阶层与跨期选择的关系中起调节作用：在有机会成本提示的条件下，主观社会阶层高的大学生要比主观社会阶层低的大学生更偏好立即满足（SS）；在无机会成本提示的条件下，主观社会阶层低的大学生要比主观社会阶层高的大学生更偏好立即满足（SS）；威胁线索在主观社会阶层与跨期选择的关系中起调节作用：在有威胁线索条件下，主观社会阶层低的大学生比主观社会阶层高的大学生更偏好立即满足（SS）；在控制组条件下，不同主观社会阶层的跨期选择偏好之间没有显著差异。

 

　　关键词：主观社会阶层，跨期选择，机会成本，威胁线索

　　Abstract

 

　　People compare the benefits of different time points, and then the process ofmaking judgment decisions is the intertemporal choice According to the class of socialcognitive theory, social class formed the environmental characteristics of a particularway of thinking and behavior, this study integrated new research perspective of class,to explore the influence of subjective social class on intertemporal choice, and putforward the two moderator variables: the opportunity cost and threat clues Themoderator effect of them in the relationship is investigated It has enriched the researchfield related to social class and promoted the understanding of the intertemporal choiceof individual variables

 

　　Study 1A discusses the relationship between the subjective class andintertemporal choice preliminarily Using the questionnaire method, 150undergraduates as subjects, subjective class by making the participants reportsubjective social status, intertemporal choice choose titration is a fixed sequence oftasks, to delay discount rate as index Results show that the individual's subjectiveclass level was significant for the forecast of delay discount rate, the stratum of thehigher college students, the smaller delay discount rate and suggests more preferencedelay for (LL), which can delay gratification; The lower the subjective class, the higherthe discount rate, indicating a preference for immediate reward (SS)

 

　　Study 1B by manipulating subjective class, this paper discusses a cause-and-effectrelationship between subjective class and intertemporal choice, intertemporal choicetask is under the specific situation of dual task options, assessment scale at 7 on behalfof intertemporal choice preference Results show that compared with the subjectiveclass of high college students, the subjective low class of college students in taskintertemporal choice preference for immediate reward (SS), and the class of highcollege students prefer to delay in the intertemporal choice large waiting (LL)

 

　　Study 2 using 2 (manipulating subjective class: high/low) x 2 (opportunity costwith/without) between the subjects of experimental design, 147 college undergraduatesas subjects, randomly assigned to four kinds of condition, the dependent variable byevaluating scale at 7 on behalf of intertemporal choice preference The results showed that the subjective class and opportunity costs on the intertemporal choice preferencehave a significant interaction, under the condition of opportunity cost hint, highsubjective class college students than low of college students' preference for immediatereward (SS); Under the condition of no opportunity cost, college students with lowersubjective class preferred immediate reward (SS) than college students with highersubjective class The opportunity cost prompt only affects the participants of the highclass group, but does not affect the lower class group

 

　　Studies 3 clues variables by introducing a threat, 2 (start classes: high/low) x 2(threat clues: with/without) between the subjects of experimental design, with 102college undergraduates as subjects, randomly assigned to four kinds of condition, thedependent variable by evaluating scale at 7 on behalf of intertemporal choicepreference

 

　　The results showed that college students with lower subjective class were morelikely to be satisfied with immediate gratification than those with higher subjectivestatus under threat cues Under the condition of control group, there was no significantdifference in the intertemporal choice preference between different subjective classes

 

　　Based on the above studies, it is concluded that different subjective social classesinfluence individual intertemporal choice preference, and lower classes prefer instantgratification (SS) in intertemporal choice compared with high class Opportunity costmoderate in the relationship of class and intertemporal choice : under the condition ofopportunity cost hint, college students subjective social class is high than low class ofcollege students prefer to meet immediately (SS); Under the condition of noopportunity cost, the college students with lower subjective class are more likely tosatisfy (SS) than the college students with higher subjective status Threat cuesmoderate in the relationship of class and intertemporal choice: under the condition of athreat cues, low stratum of college students is higher than subjective class collegestudents prefer to meet immediately (SS)

 

　　Key Words：subjective social class, intertemporal choice, opportunity cost, threatcue

 

　　目录

 

　　第 1 章 文献综述

 

　　1.1 社会阶层心理学的研究

 

　　社会学家们认为社会阶层是划分社会生活的重要维度（Durkheim, 2013）。关于社会阶层的研究可以追溯到 19 世纪 Marx 的著作中，Marx 和 Engels 通常把社会阶层称作社会阶级或者阶级意识，从社会阶级的劳动关系视角对资本主义的阶级冲突进行分析。然而 Kraus 和 Stephens（2012）认为社会学关于阶层的研究是基于宏观的社会群体，缺乏从微观角度探讨社会阶层对个人心理与行为产生的影响。心理学研究者们认为尽管阶级是社会阶层的重要部分，但社会阶层的内涵远远超越了阶级，它包含了一个与之相关的社会文化背景，即在一个社会和历史环境中包含的一套特定的文化理想、实践方式和机制。所以在心理学的研究领域，研究者们发现社会阶层对个体生活的很多方面产生了影响，包括审美偏好（Snibbe& Markus, 2005），语言（Bernstein, 1971），身体健康（Gallo & Matthews, 2003），主观幸福感（Diener, Ng, Harter, &Arora, 2010）以及认知偏好（Nisbett, 2008）等。

 

　　社会阶层作为一个重要变量已在国内外的心理学研究中频繁出现，但是有关社会阶层如何塑造基本心理过程的理论和实证研究还有待进一步扩大研究范围，当前先锋者们已经开始关注阶层的跨文化研究以及神经科学研究(Park et al, 2013；Varnum & Kitayama, 2017)，这也是未来需要关注的热点。