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SDF-1与PTH在组织再生中的作用(2)

来源:学术堂 作者:朱老师
发布于:2016-11-17 共6080字
  2. 2 PTH具有对DPP-Ⅳ的抑制效应
  
  CD26是一种高度糖基化的Ⅱ型跨膜蛋白,其膜外催化域DPP-Ⅳ具有外肽酶活性。DPP-Ⅳ能从多肽中倒数第二位脯氨酸和丙氨酸残基处裂解N-末端的二肽。DPP-Ⅳ是一种促炎细胞因子,和IGF-Ⅱ /M6P受体的交互作用与炎症的发生有关,对590个没有动脉粥样硬化的成人进行前瞻性研究,结果显示DPP-Ⅳ活性高的动脉粥样硬化发生率增加,说明DPP-Ⅳ在动脉粥样硬化的发生过程中具有促炎作用[18].SDF-1是用于组织再生的最主要的趋化因子,有研究证实SDF-1能被DPP-Ⅳ快速分解,从而失去活性[19].肺移植的小鼠注射DPP-IV抑制剂后血循环、脾脏和肺脏中的SDF-1浓度升高,能够有效募集前体细胞,有助于缺血再灌注肺损伤的恢复[20].心肌梗塞后G-CSF和DPP-Ⅳ抑制剂联合应用后可以增加新血管形成和减少细胞凋亡,从而提高心脏功能[6,21-22].因此,为了提高SDF-1的作用时效,促进组织再生效果,寻找能够抑制SDF-1降解的制剂是非常必要的。近年来已有研究发现PTH是DPP-Ⅳ的抑制剂,能够起到抑制SDF-1的降解的作用。
  
  缺血( 损伤) 能够激发PTH介导的对DPP-Ⅳ的抑制效应,从而上调SDF-1水平,促进大量CXCR4+细胞从骨髓经过血流迁移至缺血( 损伤) 组织内。研究表明在缺血心脏区,应用PTH后CXCR4的配体SDF-1的蛋白水平显着增加; 并且显着促进了CXCR4 +骨髓基质细胞进入梗死的心脏区; 而应用CXCR4的拮抗剂AMD3100后减少了CXCR4 +骨髓基质细胞的数目,并且削弱了PTH对心脏功能的保护效应[15].因此,PTH通过对DPP-Ⅳ的抑制可以达到以下作用:①通过DPP-Ⅳ活性的下降,减少了对SDF-1的降解,稳定血液中和创伤局部的SDF-1水平;②上调创区SDF-1受体CXCR4的数量;③通过增加的SDF-1 /CXCR4轴募集具有再生效应的前体细胞到达创伤局部,进而促进组织的修复再生。
  
  PTH可以通过成骨细胞改变SDF-1的水平。应用PTH刺激后,体外实验证明人成骨细胞在早期的培养过程中能够表达SDF-1的mRNA和分泌生物活性蛋白,体内试验也证明了在年幼动物中SDF-1的表达增加。由于SDF-1水平的上调,通过SDF-1 / CXCR4轴能够促进干细胞归巢、增殖和分化[23].
  
  总之,心肌梗死后全身应用PTH能够动员干细胞从骨髓进入血循环,且能够通过抑制DPP-Ⅳ来增加损伤区域有活性的SDF-1的浓度,SDF-1可以趋化血循环中自身表达CXCR4的干细胞至创区,二者通过对干细胞的推和拉的双向效应改善心脏的功能[15].
  
  5 结论和前景
  
  综上所述,全身应用PTH一方面能够动员干细胞从骨髓进入血循环,另一方面能够通过抑制DPP-Ⅳ来增加创区有活性的SDF-1的浓度梯度,同时在创区局部应用SDF-1,以趋化更多的血循环中的干细胞归巢至创区局部,促进组织再生。基于双向干细胞效应上的联合策略,充分发挥PTH对干细胞推的效应( 由骨髓推至血循环) 及SDF-1对干细胞拉的效应( 由血循环拉至创区局部) 的协同作用,发挥自身干细胞的潜能,达到最大程度的促进组织再生的效果。
  
  该方法中所采用的的趋化因子SDF-1是目前组织工程中最具有临床应用潜能的趋化剂,PTH更是临床已经使用的药物。所以,该治疗方法更有望转化为临床应用,开启组织再生的新篇章。
  
  但也存在一些问题需要解决:①目前PTH通过调控SDF-1 /CXCR4轴促进组织再生的研究更多的是集中心脏损伤方面,应用于其他组织损伤的研究甚少,是否适应于所有的组织损伤需要进一步探索;②PTH和SDF-1两者联合应用对干细胞动员募集及组织再生的总效应及其作用机制,以及趋化募集干细胞的“推和拉”策略的有效性及可靠性也需要通过具体的体内和体外实验加以证实;③有研究发现在甲状旁腺腺瘤导致原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进的患者中,自身升高的PTH促进BMCs动员至外周血,BMCs增加肿瘤的新血管形成和促进了肿瘤的生长[24].肿瘤细胞和MSCs联合注射免疫缺陷鼠证明MSCs能促进肿瘤形成[25],MSCs能迁移到原发肿瘤促进肿瘤的生长[26],这提示了原位组织工程技术临床运用时要把握好适应证。
  
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