ÓªÑøѧÂÛÎÄ

Äúµ±Ç°µÄλÖãºÑ§ÊõÌà > ҽѧÂÛÎÄ > »ù´¡Ò½Ñ§ÂÛÎÄ > ÓªÑøѧÂÛÎÄ >

¹úÄÚÍâÈËȺӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓü°Ó°ÏìÒªËØ

À´Ô´£ºÎÀÉúÑо¿ ×÷ÕߣºÀîÊç¾ê,ÓÚ¶¬Ã·,ÕÔÀöÔÆ
·¢²¼ÓÚ£º2021-01-30 ¹²10253×Ö

¡¡¡¡Õª    Òª£º¡¡ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á×÷Ϊ²¹³äÉÅʳӪÑø»òÕßÌØÊâÓªÑøÎïÖʵÄÖØÒªÊÖ¶Î,ÔÚ·ÀÖÎÓªÑøȱ·¦²¡¡¢´Ù½ø½¡¿µµÈ·½Ãæ¾ßÓÐÖØÒªµÄ×÷Ó᣽üÄêÀ´Öйú¾ÓÃñÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓò»¶ÏÔö¼Ó,ͬʱҲ´æÔÚ´óÁ¿Ê¹Óò»ºÏÀíµÄÏÖÏó¡£±¾ÎÄÕë¶ÔÖйú¾ÓÃñÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓÃ×´¿ö½øÐÐ×ÛÊö,·ÖÎö²»Í¬ÈËȺӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÇé¿ö,̽Ë÷ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓõÄÓ°ÏìÒªËؼ°ºÏÀíÐÔ,Ϊָµ¼Öйú¾ÓÃñºÏÀíʹÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁÌṩÒÀ¾Ý¡£×ÛÊö·¢ÏÖ,Öйú¾ÓÃñÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÓÐÔö¼ÓµÄÇ÷ÊÆ,²¿·ÖÌØÊâÈËȺÈçÔи¾¡¢Ó¤Ó׶ùÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓôæÔÚ¹ýÁ¿µÄ·çÏÕ,¶àÊýÈËȺӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓò¢Î´µÃµ½×¨ÒµµÄÖ¸µ¼,ʹÓõĺÏÀíÐÔȱ·¦¿ÆѧÆÀ¼Û,ÌØÊâÖ°Òµ»ò»·¾³ÏµÄÈËȺӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓÃ×´¿öÑо¿½ÏÉÙ,ؽÐèÔö¼ÓÕë¶ÔÐÔµÄÑо¿¡£½¨ÒéÖйú¾ÓÃñºÏÀíÉÅʳÒÔ»ñÈ¡³ä×ãµÄÓªÑø,ÔÚÌØÊâ×´¿öÏÂʹÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁÐèÒªµÃµ½×¨ÒµµÄÖ¸µ¼¡£

¡¡¡¡¹Ø¼ü´Ê£º¡¡ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á; ²»Í¬ÈËȺ; ʹÓÃ×´¿ö;

¡¡¡¡ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á×÷Ϊ²¹³äÉÅʳӪÑø»òÕßÌØÊâÓªÑøÎïÖʵÄÖØÒªÊÖ¶Î,ÔÚ·ÀÖÎÓªÑøȱ·¦²¡¡¢´Ù½ø½¡¿µµÈ·½Ãæ¾ßÓÐÖØÒªµÄ×÷ÓÃ[1,2]¡£Ëæ×ÅÎÒ¹ú¾­¼ÃµÄÔö³¤ºÍÉç»áµÄ·¢Õ¹,¾ÓÃñÓªÑøÓ뽡¿µÈÏʶ²»¶ÏÌá¸ß,¾ÓÃñʹÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁÈËÊýÒ²²»¶ÏÔö¼Ó¡£¸ù¾Ý2017ÄêÖйúÓªÑøѧ»á¿ªÕ¹µÄ36 000¶àÈ˵ĵ÷²é,54.85%µÄ¾ÓÃñÔøʹÓùýÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á,18¡«55Ëê¾ÓÃñÓÐ55.9%ÔøʹÓùýÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á²úÆ·,¶ø45.6%µÄÀÏÄêÈËȺÔøʹÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á,55.1%µÄ¶ùͯÉÙÄêÒ²½øÐйýÓªÑøËز¹³ä[3]¡£±¾ÎĶÔÖйú²»Í¬ÈËȺµÄÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃ×´¿ö½øÐÐ×ÛÊö,ÒÔÆÚΪÎÒ¹ú¾ÓÃñÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄºÏÀíʹÓÃÌṩ¿ÆѧÒÀ¾Ý¡£

¡¡¡¡1 ¡¢ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄ¸ÅÄîÓë×÷ÓÃ

¡¡¡¡ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄ¶¨ÒåÔÚ²»Í¬µÄ¹ú¼ÒºÍµØÇøÓÐËù²»Í¬¡£ÃÀ¹úÉÅʳ²¹³ä¼Á½¡¿µÓë½ÌÓý·¨°¸×îÔçÌá³öÍêÕûÉÅʳ²¹³ä¼ÁµÄ¶¨Òå,¶¨ÒåΪ¿Ú·þµÄº¬Óв¹³äÉÅʳ³É·ÖµÄ²úÆ·,°üÀ¨:άÉúËØ¡¢¿óÎïÖÊ¡¢Ò©²Ý»òÀàËÆÖ²Îï¡¢°±»ùËᡢøÀà¡¢¶¯Îï×éÖ¯Æ÷¹ÙºÍÏÙÌå¡¢´úл²úÎïµÈÖÆÆ·,ÖÆÔ췽ʽΪÌáÈ¡·¨»òŨËõ·¨,¼ÁÐÍ°üÀ¨Æ¬¼Á¡¢½ºÄÒ¡¢Íè¼Á¡¢·Û¼ÁºÍÒºÌåµÈ[4]¡£ÔÚÎÒ¹ú,ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á»¹Ã»Óз¨Âɶ¨Òå,µ«ÊÇÔÚÔ­¹ú¼ÒʳƷҩƷ¼à¶½¹ÜÀí×ְܾ䲼µÄ¡¶ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á¹ÜÀí¹æ¶¨¡·ÖÐÃ÷È·Ö¸³ö,ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁÊÇÖ¸ÒÔ²¹³äάÉúËØ¡¢¿óÎïÖʵÈÓªÑøÎïÖʱ£½¡¹¦Äܶø²»ÒÔÌṩÄÜÁ¿ÎªÄ¿µÄµÄ²úÆ·,Æä×÷ÓÃÊDz¹³äÉÅʳ¹©¸øµÄ²»×ã,Ô¤·ÀÓªÑøȱ·¦ºÍ½µµÍ·¢ÉúijЩÂýÐÔÍËÐÐÐÔ¼²²¡µÄ·çÏÕ[5]¡£ÎÒ¹úÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄ¶¨ÒåÓë¹ú¼ÊʳƷ·¨µäCAC/GL55-2005¡¶Î¬ÉúËغͿóÎïÖʲ¹³ä¼ÁÖ¸ÄÏ¡·Ò»ÖÂ,¶øÓëÃÀ¹úÉÅʳ²¹³ä¼ÁµÄ¶¨Òå²»ÍêÈ«Ò»Ö¡£
 

¹úÄÚÍâÈËȺӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓü°Ó°ÏìÒªËØ
 

¡¡¡¡ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁÒ»°ã·ÖΪÁ½Àà,Ò»ÀàÊÇάÉúËؼ°¿óÎïÖʲ¹³ä¼Á,Ö÷ҪָάÉúËØA¡¢C¡¢D¡¢EºÍB×åάÉúËØ,¿óÎïÖʸơ¢Ìú¡¢Ð¿¡¢ÎøºÍþ,¼°¶àÖÖάÉúËغͿóÎïÖʵĸ´ºÏ²¹³ä¼Á;ÁíÒ»ÀàΪÌØÊâ²¹³ä¼Á,Ö¸¾ßÓÐÌض¨Ð§Ó¦²¢¿ÉÓÃÓÚÁÙ´²µÄÒ©²ÄºÍÌáÈ¡Îï,±ÈÈç¾ßÓп¹Ñ×ÌØÐÔµÄÆÏÌÑÌÇ°·¡¢ÓãÓÍÒÔ¼°¾ßÓп¹ÔöÉú¡¢¿¹Ö×ÁöµÈÌØÐԵĴóËâÌáÈ¡Îï¡¢È˲εÈ[2]¡£ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á³ýÁË¿ÉÒÔÔÚÉÅʳ֮ÍâÌṩ³ä×ãµÄάÉúËغͿóÎïÖʵÈ,¿ÉÄÜ»¹¾ßÓп¹Ö×Áö[6]¡¢·ÀÖÎijЩÂýÐÔ²¡µÄ×÷ÓÃ,µ«Ò»Ð©Ñо¿Ò²¶ÔÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁÕâÒ»¹¦ÄÜÌá³öÁ˲»Í¬Òâ¼û[1,7,8,9]¡£KHANµÈ[9]ÈÏΪomega-3³¤Á´¶à²»±¥ºÍÖ¬·¾ËáºÍÒ¶Ëá¿É½µµÍ³ÉÈËÐÄѪ¹Ü¼²²¡·çÏÕ,ÆäËûάÉúËغͿóÎïÖÊÌí¼Ó¼Á¾ùÎÞ½µµÍÐÄÄÔѪ¹Ü¼²²¡·çÏյĹ¦Ð§,¶ø¸ÆºÍάÉúËØDÁªºÏʹÓÿÉÄÜ»áÔö¼ÓÖзç·çÏÕ[9]¡£

¡¡¡¡2 ¡¢Öйú¾ÓÃñ²»Í¬ÈËȺӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÇé¿ö

¡¡¡¡2.1 ¡¢³ÉÄêÈ˵ÄʹÓÃÇé¿ö¼°Ó°ÏìÒªËØ

¡¡¡¡Öйú³ÉÄê¾ÓÃñÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÂʽüÄêÀ´ÏÔ×ÅÌá¸ß,ÆäÖдó³ÇÊоÓÃñʹÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄÑо¿Ïà¶Ô½Ï¶à,ͬʱ³ÇÊоÓÃñµÄʹÓÃÂÊÒ²½Ï¸ß¡£2002Äê,Öйú³ÉÄê¾ÓÃñÓªÑø²¹³ä¼Á×ÜʹÓÃÂÊΪ5.1%,ÆäÖгÇÊÐΪ10.3%,Å©´åΪ7.4%[10]¡£ÉϺ£ÊÐ1997ÄêÅ®ÐÔ¡¢2002ÄêÄÐÐÔάÉúËز¹³ä¼Á·þÓÃÂÊ·Ö±ðΪ19.7%ºÍ15.0%[11]¡£2006Äê,±±¾©ÊгÉÄêÈËʹÓÃÂÊΪ11.9%,ÆäÖÐÄÐÐÔΪ9.0%,Å®ÐÔΪ14.5%[12];45Ëê¼°ÒÔÉϾÓÃñÖÐ,Å®ÐÔʹÓÃÂÊΪ19.3%,ÄÐÐÔʹÓÃÂÊΪ11.8%[13]¡£2008Äê,ÄϾ©Êб»µ÷²éµÄ¾ÓÃñÖÐ,20.6%µÄÈ˶¨Ê±·þÓÃÓªÑø²¹³ä¼Á,39.7%µÄÈËż¶û·þÓÃ,12.7%µÄÈËÓв»È·¶¨·þÓÃÐÐΪ,26.9%µÄÈË´Ó²»·þÓÃÓªÑø²¹³ä¼Á[14]¡£¸ù¾Ý¡¶Öйú¾ÓÃñÓªÑøÓ뽡¿µ×´¿ö¼à²â±¨¸æ(2010—2013)Ö®°Ë-ÐÐΪºÍÉú»î·½Ê½¡·,2012Äê18¡«44Ëê¡¢45¡«59Ëê¡¢60Ëê¼°ÒÔÉϾÓÃñÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á(°üÀ¨ÓÐÓªÑøËز¹³ä×÷Óõı£½¡Ê³Æ·)ʹÓÃÂÊ·Ö±ðΪ0.348%¡¢0.757%¡¢1.753%,ÆäÖгÇÊÐʹÓÃÂʸßÓÚÅ©´å,ÒÔ´ó³ÇÊÐʹÓÃÂÊ×î¸ß¡£2017ÄêÖйúÓªÑøѧ»á¶Ô27 564È˵÷²é·¢ÏÖ,18¡«55Ëê±»µ÷²é¾ÓÃñÖÐ55.9%ÔøʹÓùýÓªÑøËز¹³äÀà²úÆ·,ÆäÖÐ50.3%µÄ¾ÓÃñÿÌìʹÓÃ,55ËêÒÔÉϱ»µ÷²é¾ÓÃñÓÐ45.6%Ôø¾­Ê¹ÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³äÀà²úÆ·,ʳÓÃÈËȺÖÐ28.4%ʹÓÃ10ÄêÒÔÉÏ,ÇÒ´ó¶àÊýÊÇÈ«ÄêʹÓÃ[15]¡£

¡¡¡¡¸ù¾Ý2002ÄêÖйú¾ÓÃñÓªÑøÓ뽡¿µ×´¿öµ÷²é½á¹û,³ÉÄêÈËʹÓõÄÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁÖ÷Òª°üÀ¨¸ÆÖÆÆ·(3.4%)¡¢Ìú¼Á(1.3%)¡¢Î¬ÉúËØ(2.4%)ºÍÆäËû±£½¡Æ·(2.2%)ËÄÀà[10]¡£±±¾©ÊгÉÄêÈËʹÓÃÂÊ×î¸ßµÄ²¹³ä¼ÁÀà±ðÊÇάÉúËØ-¿óÎïÖʸ´ºÏÎï(6.6%),Æä´ÎΪµ¥Ò»Î¬ÉúËØ(2.6%)[13]¡£2017Äêµ÷²é·¢ÏÖ18¡«55Ëê±»µ÷²é¾ÓÃñ,ʳÓÃ×î¶àµÄÇ°ÈýÀà·Ö±ðÊÇάÉúËØC(19.2%)¡¢¸Æ(18.4%)ºÍB×åάÉúËØ(12.1%);55ËêÒÔÉÏʳÓÃÇ°ÈýÀà·Ö±ðÊǸÆ(18.7%)¡¢Î¬ÉúËØC(14.9%)ºÍB×åάÉúËØ(13.1%)¡£

¡¡¡¡³ÉÄêÈËÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓõÄÔ­ÒòÓÐ×ÔÉí½¡¿µ×´¿öºÍʵ¼Ê»¼²¡Çé¿ö¡£³ÉÄêÈËÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓõĺÏÀíÐÔ½ÏÉÙÓÐÑо¿¡£

¡¡¡¡³ÉÄêÈËÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓõÄÓ°ÏìÒòËØÓÐÐÔ±ð¡¢ÄêÁä¡¢È˾ùÔÂÊÕÈëˮƽ¡¢ÓªÑøËØȱ·¦²¡»¼²¡Çé¿ö¡¢¶ÔÓªÑø֪ʶµÄ̬¶È¡¢¶ÔÓªÑø²¹³ä¼ÁÐèÇóµÄ̬¶È¼°¾ÓסµØÇø¶ÔÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÓÐÓ°Ïì;Å®ÐÔ¡¢Ä곤¡¢¾­¼ÃÌõ¼þ½ÏºÃ¡¢ÓÐÓªÑøËØȱ·¦²¡²¡Ê·¡¢¶ÔÓªÑø֪ʶ¸ÐÐËȤ¡¢¶ÔÓªÑø²¹³ä¼ÁÐèÇó̬¶È»ý¼«¡¢¾ÓסÔÚÅ©´åµÄ¾ÓÃñʹÓÃÓªÑø²¹³ä¼ÁµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐԽϴó,Ó¦½«Æä×÷Ϊ½ÌÓýµÄÖصãÈËȺ[10]¡£±±¾©³ÉÄêÈËÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÖÐ,¾­¼ÃˮƽºÍÎÄ»¯³Ì¶ÈÊÇÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄÓ°ÏìÒªËØ;45Ëê¼°ÒÔÉϾÓÃñÓªÑø²¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÐÐΪµÄÓ°ÏìÒòËØΪ:ÐÔ±ð¡¢ÄêÁä¡¢¾­¼Ãˮƽ¡¢¶ÔÓªÑø֪ʶµÄÐËȤ¡¢ÓªÑøËØȱ·¦²¡»¼²¡Çé¿ö,³Ç½¼ÒòËØÒ²±»ÄÉÈë,ÂýÐÔ¼²²¡»¼²¡Çé¿ö¡¢½¡¿µ×´¿ö×ÔÆÀºÍÎÄ»¯³Ì¶È±»Åųý[13]¡£¶øÔÚÄϾ©µÄÑо¿·¢ÏÖ,ÄêÁäÊÇÓ°ÏìÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓõÄÖØÒªÒòËØ,¶øÐÔ±ð¡¢ÎÄ»¯³Ì¶ÈºÍ¼ÒÍ¥ÊÕÈëµÄÓ°Ïì²»Ã÷ÏÔ[14]¡£2017Äêµ÷²é·¢ÏÖ18¡«55Ëê¾ÓÃñÅ®ÐÔ¡¢ÄêÁäÔö¼Ó¡¢ÄêÊÕÈëÔö¼ÓÊÇÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓõĴٽøÒªËØ,¶øÔÚ55ËêÒÔÉϾÓÃñÖÐÐÔ±ð¡¢ÄêÁä¡¢ÎÄ»¯³Ì¶ÈºÍÄêÊÕÈëÊÇÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓõÄÓ°ÏìÒòËØ[15]¡£

¡¡¡¡2.2¡¢ Ôи¾µÄʹÓÃÇé¿ö¼°Ó°ÏìÒªËØ

¡¡¡¡Ôи¾ÔÐÆÚµÄÓªÑø×´¿ö¶ÔÔи¾½¡¿µ¼°Ì¥¶ù·¢Óý¾ßÓÐÖØÒªµÄÓ°Ïì¡£Ôи¾ÈËȺӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓõÄÑо¿½Ï¶à,ÇÒÑо¿µÄ·Ö²¼ÇøÓòÒ²½ÏΪ¹ã·º,ÈçÈ«¹úÓªÑøÓ뽡¿µµ÷²é[16]¡¢Öйú°ËÊ¡Êе÷²é(66.4%,³ÇÊÐ81.8%,Å©´å57.8%,2009Äê)¡¢´ó³ÇÊÐÈçÉϺ£(90.70%,2006Äê)¡¢Ìì½ò(58.5%,2008—2009Äê)¡¢±±¾©(>50%,2012Äê)ºÍÖÐС³ÇÊÐÈç¼ÃÄÏ(2007—2009Äê)¡¢ºÏ·Ê(49.8%,2013—2014Äê)¡¢°üÍ·(2016Äê)¡¢¹óÑô(62.1%,2015—2016Äê)¾ùÓÐÑо¿¡£Ïà¶ÔÓÚÆäËûÈËȺ,Ôи¾ÈËȺӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÂÊ×î¸ß,ʹÓñÈÀýΪ´ÓÈ«¹ú66.4%µÄʹÓÃÂÊ[17]µ½ÉϺ£Ôи¾ÈËȺ90.70%µÄʹÓÃÂÊ[18],ÇÒÔÚÓÐÑо¿µÄ¸÷µØʹÓñÈÀý»ù±¾ÉϾù´ïµ½50%[17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]¡£¾Ý2017—2018ÄêÖйúÔвú¸¾¶ÓÁÐÑо¿7931Àýµ÷²é¶ÔÏóµÄÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃ×´¿ö,·¢ÏÖ93.7%µÄÔи¾ÔÚÔÐÔçÆÚʹÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á,60%µÄÔи¾Í¬Ê±Ñ¡ÓÃ2ÖÖÒÔÉϵÄÓªÑøËØ[27]¡£

¡¡¡¡Ôи¾Ê¹ÓõÄÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁÖÖÀà°üÀ¨¸Æ¡¢Ìú¡¢Ð¿¡¢Ò¶ËᡢάÉúËØA¡¢Î¬ÉúËØB×顢άÉúËØC¡¢Î¬ÉúËØDµÈ,ÏàÓ¦µÄ²úÆ·°üÀ¨Î¬ÉúËØ¿óÎïÖʸ´ºÏÐÍÀà,άÉúËØÀà,΢Á¿ÔªËØÀà,¸´ºÏÐÍάÉúËØÀà,¸´ºÏÐÍÓªÑøÆ·,°±»ùËáÀà,²»±¥ºÍÖ¬·¾ËáÀàµÈ[17,19,21,25,26]¡£2002ÄêµÄÖйú¾ÓÃñÓªÑøÓ뽡¿µµ÷²éÖз¢ÏÖ¸Æ(41.4%)¡¢Ò¶Ëá(20.5%)¡¢¸´ºÏάÉúËØ(17.1%)¡¢Ìú(13.1%)×î¶à,¶øÇÒËæ×ÅÔÐÆÚÔö¼Ó¸ÆºÍÌúµÄʹÓÃÂÊÔö¼Ó[16]¡£ÔÚÈ«¹ú°ËÊ¡ÊÐÔи¾ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÖÐ,ÒÔÒ¶Ëá(49.9%)¡¢¸Æ(40.5%)ºÍÌú(16.2%)µÄʹÓñÈÀý×î¸ß,ÕâÓ벻ͬµØÇøÔи¾Ê¹ÓÃÇé¿öÏàÒ»ÖÂ[17]¡£2017—2018ÄêÔвú¸¾¶ÓÁÐÑо¿·¢ÏÖʹÓÃÂÊ×î¸ßµÄÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á·Ö±ðΪҶËá(88.7%)¡¢¸´ºÏάÉúËØ(43.5%)¡¢¸Æ(29.0%)¡¢Î¬ÉúËØD(23.8%)¡¢ÒæÉú¾ú¡¢Ìú¡¢ÉÅʳÏËά¡¢DHA[27]¡£

¡¡¡¡Ôи¾ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓõÄÔ­ÒòÖ÷ÒªÓÐÒ½ÉúµÄÍƼö¡¢¾­¼ì²éȱ·¦Ä³ÓªÑøËØ¡¢×Ô¼ºÁ˽âÓªÑø֪ʶ¡¢¸Ð¾õ×Ô¼ºÐèÒª¡¢ÌýÁËÇ×ÓÑÍƼöµÈ[18,25,26,28]¡£

¡¡¡¡ÓÉÓÚÔи¾ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÏà¶Ô½Ï¶à,ËùÒÔ´æÔڽ϶àʹÓò»ºÏÀíµÄÇé¿ö,¶øÇÒÔÚ²»Í¬µØÇø¼äÓвîÒìÐÔ¡£Ö÷ÒªµÄʹÓò»ºÏÀíÓв¿·ÖµØÇøÈçÉϺ£[18],Ôи¾ÈËȺӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÁ¿³¬³öÉÅʳӪÑøËØ¿ÉÄÍÊÜÉãÈëÁ¿,¶øijЩÏà¶ÔÂäºóµÄµØÇøÈçÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÁ¿Ïà¶Ô½ÏÉÙ,ÔÚijЩ΢Á¿ÔªËØ»òάÉúËØ·½Ãæ²»ÄÜÂú×ãÔи¾ÓªÑøÐèÇóÁ¿[21]¡£

¡¡¡¡Ôи¾µÄÄêÁä¡¢ÎÄ»¯³Ì¶È¡¢Ö°Òµ¡¢¼ÒÍ¥ÊÕÈë¼°ÅäżÎÄ»¯³Ì¶ÈµÈÒªËØÓ°ÏìÔи¾Ñ¡ÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á¡£²»Í¬ÄêÁäµÄÔи¾ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÂÊÓÐËù²»Í¬,Ò»°ãÀ´Ëµ≤20ËêµÄÔи¾Ê¹ÓÃ×îÉÙ,¶ø31¡«35ËêÔи¾Ê¹ÓÃÂÊ×î¸ß,µ«ÔÚ2017ÄêÔвú¸¾¶ÓÁÐÑо¿ÖÐÓë<25ËêÄêÁä¶ÎÏà±È,≥35ËêÔи¾Ê¹ÓÃÒ¶ËáµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ½µµÍ0.32±¶,¼´¸ßÁäÔи¾ÔçÔÐÆÚÒ¶Ëá²¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÂʽϵÍ[27]¡£¶àÊýÑо¿·¢ÏÖÔи¾ÎÄ»¯³Ì¶È¶ÔÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓóÊÏÖ³öÕýÏòµÄ×÷ÓÃ,¼´Ëæ×ÅÎÄ»¯³Ì¶ÈµÄÔö¸ß,Ôи¾Ñ¡Ôñ·þÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄ±ÈÀý×ÜÌåÉÏÔÚÔö¼Ó,ÕâÓëÎÄ»¯³Ì¶È¸ßµÄÔи¾¶ÔÆä×ÔÉíÔÐÆÚ±£½¡Òâʶ¸üÇ¿ÓйØ,µ«ÊÇÔÚÌì½òºÍÉϺ£µÄÔи¾¶Ô±ÈÑо¿Öз¢ÏÖÔи¾ÎÄ»¯³Ì¶ÈÔ½¸ß,Ô½ÉÙʹÓÃÒ¶Ëá,µ«ÊÇÕÉ·òÎÄ»¯³Ì¶ÈÔ½¸ß,Ô½¶àʹÓÃÒ¶Ëá[26]¡£²»Í¬Ö°Òµ¶ÔÔи¾ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄÓ°ÏìÒ²¾ßÓвîÒìÐÔ,´ÓÊ¿ƽÌÎÄÎÀµÈÏà¹ØÖ°ÒµµÄÔи¾Ê¹ÓÃÂʽϸß,¶ø´Óʹ¤Òµ¡¢Å©Òµ¡¢ÉÌ·þµÈְҵʹÓÃÂʽϵ͡£¼ÒÍ¥ÊÕÈë¶ÔÔи¾ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÔÚ²»Í¬µØÇøµÄÓ°ÏìÓвîÒì,ÔÚÌì½òµÄÑо¿[26]±íÃ÷¼ÒÍ¥ÔÂÊÕÈëÔ½¸ß,Ôи¾²¹³äÒ¶ËáºÍ¸ÆµÄ±ÈÀý¸ü¸ß,¶øÔÚ¼ÃÄϵÄÑо¿[25]±íÃ÷¼ÒÍ¥È˾ùÔÂÊÕÈëÔ½¸ß¶øÑ¡Ôñ²»·þÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄÈËÊýÔ½¶à,¶øÔںϷʵÄÑо¿[28]ÔòÏÔʾ¼ÒÍ¥È˾ùÔÂÊÕÈëÓëÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á·þÓÃÇé¿öÎÞÖ±½ÓÁªÏµ¡£

¡¡¡¡2.3¡¢ Ó¤Ó׶ùµÄʹÓÃÇé¿ö¼°Ó°ÏìÒªËØ

¡¡¡¡Ó¤Ó׶ù×÷ΪÌØÊâÈËȺ,ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÂʽϸß,ÒÑÓÐÑо¿µÄÇøÓòÓÐÈ«¹ú·¶Î§(2ÖÜËêÒÔÄÚ31.2%,³ÇÊÐ49.8%,Å©´å22.7%,2002Äê)¡¢±±¾©[29](33.0%,2005Äê)¡¢±±¾©Ë³Òå[30](89.1%,2010Äê)¡¢³É¶¼[31](87.5%,2010Äê)¡¢Ê¯×ìɽ[32](53.1%,2013Äê),ʹÓÃÂÊÔÚ53.1%¡«89.1%[30,31,32,33]·¶Î§ÄÚ¡£Ó¤Ó׶ùʹÓõÄÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁÖ÷ÒªÓÐάÉúËØA¡¢Î¬ÉúËØD¡¢¸Æ¡¢Ìú¡¢Ð¿[30,31],Ö÷ÒªµÄÐÎʽÓе¥Ò»¿óÎïÖÊ¡¢¸´ºÏάÉúËØ¡¢¿óÎïÖʸ´ºÏ²úÆ·µÈ;ÒÔάÉúËØD¡¢Î¬ÉúËØAºÍ¸Æ²¹³äÂÊ×î¸ß[32]¡£

¡¡¡¡Ó¤Ó׶ùÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓõÄÊ×ÒªÔ­ÒòÊÇͨ¹ýÒ½Éú»òÆäËûרҵÈËÔ±ÍƼö¶øÑ¡ÓõÄ,Æä´Î¼Ò³¤Ö÷¹ÛÑ¡Ôñ¡¢³¤±²ÅóÓÑÍƼö¡¢´óÖÚýÌåÒ²ÊÇÓ¤Ó׶ùÑ¡ÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄÖ÷ÒªÔ­Òò[30,31,32];ͬʱ,Ò²ÓÐûÓÐÈκÎÒÀ¾ÝµÄÓ¤Ó׶ùÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁÑ¡ÓÃ[32]¡£

¡¡¡¡Ó¤Ó׶ùÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓôæÔڵIJ»ºÏÀíÐÔÖ÷ÒªÓÐ,²¿·ÖÓªÑøËØÈç¸Æ¡¢VA¡¢VDÉãÈëÁ¿³¬¹ýÓªÑø¿ÉÄÍÊÜ×î¸ßÉãÈëÁ¿[32],Ò²Óиö±ðµØÇø¸ÆÉãÈëÁ¿Ô¶µÍÓÚÉÅʳӪÑøËزο¼ÉãÈëÁ¿µÄÍƼöÉãÈëÁ¿[30]¡£

¡¡¡¡Ó¤Ó׶ùÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁÑ¡ÓõÄÖ÷ÒªÓ°ÏìÒªËØÓмҳ¤ÎÄ»¯Ë®Æ½[32]¡¢Ö÷ҪιÑøÈ˶ÔÓªÑø²¹³äÈÏ֪ˮƽ[30]¡¢¼Ò³¤¶ÔÓ¤Ó׶ùÆÚÓªÑøÖØÊӳ̶ȵÈ[31]¡£ÓÐÑо¿±íÃ÷¼Ò³¤ÎÄ»¯Ë®Æ½Ô½¸ß,Ó¤Ó׶ùÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÂÊÔ½¸ß[32],µ«Ôڳɶ¼µÄÑо¿·¢ÏÖĸÇ×ÎÄ»¯³Ì¶È¶ÔÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃûÓÐÓ°Ïì[31]¡£Ö÷ҪιÑøÈ˶ÔÓªÑø²¹³äµÄÈÏ֪ˮƽԽ¸ß,º¢×ÓʹÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄ±ÈÀýÔ½¸ß[30]¡£·Ç³£ÖØÊÓÓ¤Ó׶ùÆÚÓªÑøµÄ¼Ò³¤±ÈÒ»°ãÖØÊÓÕ߸üÈÝÒ׸øº¢×ÓʹÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á;³¬Öغ¢×ÓÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÂʸßÓÚÆ«ÊݺÍÕý³£º¢×Ó[31]¡£

¡¡¡¡2.4¡¢ ¶ùͯ¡¢ÇàÉÙÄêµÄʹÓÃÇé¿ö¼°Ó°ÏìÒªËØ

¡¡¡¡¸ù¾Ý2002ÄêÖйú¾ÓÃñÓªÑøÓ뽡¿µµ÷²é,2002Äê15¡«17ËêÇàÉÙÄêÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÂÊΪ4.6%,ÆäÖгÇÊÐΪ10.1%,Å©´åΪ2.7%,ÄÐÐÔΪ4.1%,Å®ÐÔΪ5.6%[16]¡£ÎÒ¹ú3¡«12Ëê¶ùͯӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄÑо¿±íÃ÷,ÎÒ¹ú3¡«6Ëê¶ùͯӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÂÊΪ41.1%,7¡«9Ëê¶ùͯӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÂÊΪ24.2%,¶ø10¡«12Ëê¶ùͯӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÂÊΪ16.9%[34]¡£±±¾©ÊÐ0¡«6Ëê¶ùͯӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÂÊΪ33.0%,7¡«17Ëê¶ùͯÇàÉÙÄêʹÓÃÂÊΪ9.0%[29]¡£ÉòÑôºÍÉϺ£Á½µØÖÐѧÉúÉÅʳ²¹³ä¼ÁʹÓõÄÑо¿±íÃ÷,ÖÐѧÉúÉÅʳ²¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÂÊΪ24.56%,ÆäÖгõÖÐÉú·þÓÃÂÊΪ24.91%,¸ßÖÐÉú·þÓÃÂÊΪ24.04%[35]¡£

¡¡¡¡¶ùͯ¡¢ÇàÉÙÄêÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÖÖÀàÓÐάÉúËØ¿óÎïÖʸ´ºÏ²úÆ·¡¢¸´ºÏάÉúËØ¡¢µ¥Ò»¿óÎïÖʵÈ,¶øÕë¶Ô¾ßÌåÓªÑøËصÄÑо¿½ÏÉÙ¡£2002Äê15¡«17Ëê¶ùͯÇàÉÙÄêÒÔ¸Æ(3.6%)¡¢Î¬ÉúËØ(2.2%)¡¢ÆäËû±£½¡Ê³Æ·(1.9%)ºÍÌú¼Á(1.1%)ʹÓÃ×î¶à[16]¡£ÆäÖÐ,¹ØÓÚÎÒ¹ú3¡«12Ëê¶ùͯʹÓÃпӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄÑо¿±íÃ÷,º¬Ð¿²¹³ä¼Á×ÜÌåʹÓÃÂÊΪ13.7%,ÆäÖÐÄÐͯΪ14.4%,ŮͯΪ12.8%[36]¡£

¡¡¡¡È«¹ú¶ùͯӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÖÐ,3¡«6Ëê¶ùͯÈËȺÖдæÔÚÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈµÄάÉúËØAÉãÈ볬Á¿·çÏÕ[34]¡£¶ùͯ¡¢ÇàÉÙÄêÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓõIJ»ºÏÀíÐÔÓÐιÑøÈËÈÏΪÌåÖØÆ«µÍ¶ùͯӦ¸ü¶àʹÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á,ʵ¼ÊÉ϶ùͯʵ¼ÊÌåÖØÓëÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÎÞÏà¹Ø¹Øϵ[34];ÔÚÖÐѧÉúÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÖÐ,´æÔÚ²»°´ËµÃ÷ÊéÖ¸µ¼¶øÊÇËæÒâ»òż¶û·þÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄÏÖÏó[35]¡£

¡¡¡¡¶ùͯ¡¢ÇàÉÙÄêÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓõÄÓ°ÏìÒªËØÖ÷ÒªÓи¸Ä¸ÎÄ»¯³Ì¶È¡¢¸¸Ä¸Ö°Òµ¡¢ÄêÁä¡¢³ÇÏçµÈ¡£ÔÚÈ«¹úµÄÑо¿ÖÐ,¼ÒÍ¥È˾ùÔ¾­¼ÃÊÕÈë¸ß¡¢Î¹ÑøÈËÈÏΪº¢×ÓÌåÖØÆ«µÍ¡¢ÈÏΪº¢×ÓÓªÑø×´¿ö²»ºÃ¡¢Ã¿ÖÜÍâ³ö¾Í²Í¶à¡¢¸¸Ç×ÎÄ»¯³Ì¶È¸ß¡¢Ä¸Ç×ÎÄ»¯³Ì¶È¸ßÊÇÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓõĴٽøÒòËØ[34]¡£ÔÚÉòÑôºÍÉϺ£µÄÑо¿ÖÐ,·¢ÏÖ¼Ò³¤Ö°ÒµÓëÒ½Ò©Ïà¹ØµÄÖÐѧÉú·þÓÃÂʸßÓÚ¶ÔÕÕ×é[35]¡£

¡¡¡¡3 ¡¢¹úÍâÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÇé¿ö

¡¡¡¡½üÄêÀ´,ÎÒ¹ú¾ÓÃñÈËȺӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÔö¶à,¶ø¹úÍâʹÓÃÇé¿öÓëÎÒ¹úʹÓÃÇé¿öÓÐËù²îÒì¡£ÃÀ¹úÈ«¹ú½¡¿µºÍÓªÑøµ÷²éÑо¿ÏÔʾ,2011—2012ÄêÔ¼51.8% ÃÀ¹ú³ÉÈË·þÓùýÒÔÉϲ¹³ä¼Á,Å®ÐÔ·þÓÃÂÊ(58.0%)¸ßÓÚÄÐÐÔ(45.3%),ÆäÖи´ºÏάÉúËØ-¿óÎïÖʲ¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃ×î¹ã·º;2013—2014ÄêʹÓÃÂÊΪ53.8%,ÆäÖÐÄÐÐÔʹÓÃÂÊΪ46.3%,Å®ÐÔʹÓÃÂÊΪ60.7%[37],Õâ±íÃ÷ÃÀ¹úÈËÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÂÊÔ¶³¬¹ýÖйú¾ÓÃñµÄʹÓÃÂÊ¡£¼ÓÄôóµÄÉçÇø½¡¿µµ÷²éÑо¿·¢ÏÖ,40.1%µÄ³ÉÄêÈËʹÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á,Å®ÐÔʹÓÃÂʽϸß,Ëæ×ÅÄêÁäÔö¼ÓʹÓÃÂÊÔö¼Ó[38]¡£·¨¹úÓªÑø¶ÓÁÐÑо¿±íÃ÷,ÿÖÜÖÁÉÙ3´ÎµÄÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÂÊÄÐÐÔΪ14.6%,Å®ÐÔΪ28.1%,þ¡¢VB6¡¢VCÊÇʹÓÃƵÂÊ×î¸ßµÄÓªÑøËØ;54.9%µÄÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÊÇÓÉÒ½Éú¿ª·½»ò½¨ÒéµÄ[39]¡£ÔÚ°Ä´óÀûÑǵÄ2011—2012ÄêÈ«¹úÓªÑøºÍÉíÌå»î¶¯µ÷²éÖз¢ÏÖ34%µÄ³ÉÄêÄÐÐÔºÍ47%µÄ³ÉÄêÅ®ÐÔʹÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á,Å®ÐÔ¡¢71¡«85Ëê¡¢ÊܽÌÓý³Ì¶È¸ß¡¢Éú»îÔÚ¾ßÓÐÉç»á¾­¼ÃÁ¼ºÃµÄÉçÇøÄÚ¡¢ÉíÌå»î¶¯ºÍÊß¹ûʳÓ÷ûºÏÖ¸ÄÏÒªÇóµÄÈËȺʹÓÃÂʸü¸ß[40]¡£µ¤ÂóµÄÒûʳ¡¢Ö×ÁöºÍ½¡¿µ¶ÓÁÐÑо¿·¢ÏÖ,½¡¿µ³ÉÄêÈ˵ÄÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÂÊΪ71.2%,ÄÐÐÔʹÓÃÂÊΪ63.3%,Å®ÐÔʹÓÃÂÊΪ78.3%,Ïà½ÏÓÚ1995—2000ÄêµÄÅ·ÖÞ°©Ö¢ºÍÓªÑøÇ°Õ°ÐÔ¶ÓÁÐÑо¿ÖÐÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓñÈÀý(ÄÐÐÔ48.8%,Å®ÐÔ64.3%)Ôö¼Ó[41];¸´ºÏάËûÃü¡¢¿¹Ñõ»¯¼Á¡¢ÓãÓÍÊÇʹÓÃ×î¶àµÄÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á;Å®ÐÔ¡¢¸ßÄêÁä×éÒÔ¼°Ñ§Àú¸ü¸ßµÄÈËʹÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄ¿ÉÄܸü´ó;ͬʱ,¾ßÓв»ÎüÑÌ¡¢¶ÍÁ¶ÉíÌå¡¢²»Òû¾ÆµÈÁ¼ºÃÉú»î·½Ê½µÄÈËʹÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ¸ü´ó[42]¡£°®¶ûÀ¼µÄÀÏÁäÎÊÌâµÄÇ°Õ°ÐÔ¶ÓÁÐÑо¿±íÃ÷,50ËêÒÔÉϳÉÄêÈËÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÂÊΪ16.6%,ÆäÖÐÄÐÐÔʹÓÃÂÊΪ9.7%,Å®ÐÔʹÓÃÂÊΪ22.9%,Å®ÐÔ¡¢ÒÑÍËÐÝ¡¢²»ÎüÑÌ¡¢¸ßѧÀúÕߺͶÀ¾ÓÊÇÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄÓ°ÏìÒªËØ,ÓÐÒ½ÁƱ£ÏÕ¡¢ÓÐÈýÖÖÒÔÉÏÂýÐÔ¼²²¡ºÍ¶àÒ©ÖÎÁÆÒ²ÊÇÓ°ÏìÒòËØ[43]¡£ÈÕ±¾¹«¹²½¡¿µÖÐÐÄÇ°Õ°¶ÓÁÐÑо¿·¢ÏÖ,ÈÕ±¾ÄÐÐÔάÉúËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÂÊΪ18.6%,Å®ÐÔʹÓÃÂÊΪ24.3%[44]¡£ÈÕ±¾¹ØÓÚ´óѧÉúÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄÈ«¹úÐÔµ÷²é·¢ÏÖ,18¡«24Ëê´óѧÉúÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÂÊΪ16.8%,ÄÐŮʹÓÃÂʲî±ð²»´ó,ʹÓÃ×î¶àµÄÊÇάÉúËغͿóÎïÖʲ¹³ä¼Á,Æä´ÎÊǵ°°×ÖÊ(ÄÐÐÔ)ºÍ¼õ·ÊÀಹ³ä¼Á(Å®ÐÔ),ÇÒÓÐ7.5%µÄѧÉú³ÆʹÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁºóÓÐÏà·´×÷ÓÃ,ͬÎÒ¹úÒ»ÑùÒ²´æÔÚʹÓò»ºÏÀíµÄÏÖÏó[45]¡£Óë¹úÍâÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÇé¿öÏà±È,2017ÄêÒÔÇ°ÎÒ¹ú¾ÓÃñÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÂÊÏà¶Ô½ÏµÍ,µ«2017ÄêµÄÑо¿±íÃ÷ÎÒ¹úÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁÓëÃÀ¹ú¡¢¼ÓÄôóµÈ·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒʹÓÃÂÊÏà²î²»´ó,Õâ˵Ã÷ÎÒ¹ú¾ÓÃñÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓýüÄêÀ´ÓÐÁË´ó·ùµÄÔö³¤,Óë´Ëͬʱ,Ò²²úÉúºÜ¶à²»ºÏÀíʹÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄÏÖÏó¡£

¡¡¡¡4 ¡¢½áÓï

¡¡¡¡Öйú¾ÓÃñ²»Í¬ÈËȺӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÇé¿öµÄÑо¿Ôö¼Ó,°üÀ¨³ÉÄêÈË¡¢Ôи¾¡¢Ó¤Ó׶ù¡¢ÇàÉÙÄê¡¢²¿·ÖÀÏÄêÈËȺµÈ¡£ÔÚÑо¿·¶Î§ÉÏ,Ñо¿µÄÇøÓò¼ÈÓÐÈ«¹ú²ãÃæÉϵÄÑо¿,ÓÖÓоֲ¿µØÇø°üÀ¨Ò»Ð©´ó³ÇÊеØÇøºÍÅ©´åµØÇøµÄÑо¿;²¿·ÖÑо¿ÊÇÈ«¹úµ÷²é/¼à²âÖеÄÒ»²¿·Ö,²¿·ÖÊÇÕë¶ÔÌض¨µØÇøÌض¨ÈËȺµÄÑо¿,ȱ·¦¶ÔÖйú¾ÓÃñÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃ×´¿öµÄϵͳÑо¿¡£ÔÚÑо¿ÄÚÈÝÉÏ,´ó¶àÊýÑо¿Îª¶¨ÐÔÑо¿,¶øÕë¶ÔÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓõĶ¨Á¿Ñо¿Ïà¶Ôȱ·¦;È«¹ú·¶Î§ÄÚµÄÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁרÏîÑо¿½ÏÉÙ;ÁíÍâ,Õë¶ÔÌØÊâÖ°Òµ»ò»·¾³ÏµÄÈËȺӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓÃ×´¿öÑо¿½ÏÉÙ¡£ÔÚÑо¿·½·¨ÉÏ,ȱ·¦È«¹úͳһµÄÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃ×´¿öÆÀ¼ÛÖ¸±ê¡£

¡¡¡¡Öйú¾ÓÃñÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÓÐÔö¼ÓµÄÇ÷ÊÆ,2002ÄêÖйú¾ÓÃñÓªÑøÓ뽡¿µ¼à²âÖз¢ÏÖ³ÉÄêÈËʹÓÃÂÊΪ5.1%,2017ÄêµÄרÏîµ÷²é·¢ÏÖµ÷²éÖгÉÈËÿÌìʹÓõĴﵽ50.3%,³ÉÄêÈËʹÓÃÂÊ´ó·ùÌá¸ß,µ«ÊÇÔÚ2010—2013ÄêµÄÖйú¾ÓÃñÓªÑøÓ뽡¿µ¼à²âµ÷²é±¨¸æÖÐ,Öйú³ÉÄêÈËʹÓÃÂÊ18¡«44Ëê¡¢45¡«59Ëê¡¢60Ëê¼°ÒÔÉÏ·Ö±ðΪ0.348%¡¢ 0.757%¡¢1.753%[46],ÕâÒ»½á¹ûÏà±È2002ÄêµÄʹÓÃÂÊÓÐËùϽµ,¶øÇÒÓë2017ÄêµÄÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Áµ÷²é²î±ð½Ï´ó,Õâ¿ÉÄÜÓëÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÂʶ¨Òå²»Ò»Ö¡¢µ÷²é·¶Î§¡¢Ñù±¾´ú±íÐÔ²îÒìÓйØ[15,16,46]¡£²¿·ÖÌØÊâÈËȺÈçÔи¾¡¢Ó¤Ó׶ùÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓÃÂʾù´ïµ½50%¡«90%µÄʹÓÃÂÊ,²¿·ÖµØÇøµÄÔи¾ºÍÓ¤Ó׶ùÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓôæÔÚ¹ýÁ¿µÄ·çÏÕ¡£¶ùͯÇàÉÙÄêÈËȺӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÂÊÒ²ÓÐÔö¼ÓÇ÷ÊÆ,³ÇÊкÍÅ©´å²îÒì½Ï´ó¡£

¡¡¡¡Õë¶ÔÎÒ¹ú¾ÓÃñÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÖдæÔÚµÄÉÏÊöÎÊÌâ,ؽÐè:(1)Õë¶ÔÎÒ¹ú¾ÓÃñ²»Í¬ÈËȺӪÑøËØȱ·¦ÏÖ×´,½áºÏÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Áº¬Á¿µÄÑо¿,¿ÆѧÆÀ¼Û²»Í¬µÄÈËȺ»ò¸öÈËʹÓúÎÖÖ¼°ÈçºÎʹÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁÒÔ´ïµ½²¹×ãÉÅʳÖÐÓªÑøËصÄȱ·¦,´Ó¶ø´ïµ½ºÏÀíʹÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄÄ¿µÄ¡£(2)Ìرð¹Ø×¢ÌØÊâÖ°Òµ»òÌØÊâ»·¾³ÏÂÈËȺµÄÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁµÄʹÓÃ×´¿ö¼°ÆäʹÓúÏÀíÐÔ¡£(3)¼ÓÇ¿¶Ô¾ÓÃñÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓõÄÖ¸µ¼,ÐëÃ÷È·ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á×÷ΪÉÅʳӪÑøµÄ²¹³ä²»Äܹ»Ìæ´úÉÅʳ,¶øÇÒÄ¿Ç°¶ÔÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á¶ÔÔ¤·ÀÐÄÄÔѪ¹ÜµÈ¼²²¡µÄ×÷ÓÃÓÐÕùÒé¡¢²¿·ÖÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á³¤ÆÚ·þÓÿÉÄÜÓÐË𽡿µ,ËùÒÔ½¨Òé¾ÓÃñÔÚʹÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʱºòÐë×ÉѯרҵÈËÔ±ÒÔÈ·¶¨Ê¹ÓõĺÏÀíÐÔ¡£

¡¡¡¡¹úÎñÔºÓ¡·¢µÄ¡¶½¡¿µÖйúÐж¯(2019—2030Äê)¡·ÖÐÖ¸³öºÏÀíÉÅʳÊDZ£ÕϽ¡¿µµÄ»ù´¡,³«µ¼¿ªÕ¹ºÏÀíÉÅʳÐж¯,³ýÁËÔÚ¶ÔƶѪºÍÏûÊݵÈÓªÑø²»Á¼ÈËȺÌá³öÔÚÒ½ÉúÖ¸µ¼Ï²¹³äÌú¼ÁÀ´¾ÀÕýƶѪ¡¢Ôи¾ÔÐÇ°3¸öÔÂÖÁÔкó3¸öÔ²¹³äÒ¶Ëá¡¢°©Ö¢»¼ÕßÔÚ¿¹Ö×ÁöÖÎÁÆÆںͿµ¸´ÆÚÉÅʳÉãÈë²»×ã,ÇÒÔÚ¾­ÉÅʳָµ¼ÈÔ²»ÄÜÂú×ãÄ¿±êÐèÒªÁ¿Ê±,¿É»ý¼«½ÓÊܳ¦ÄÚ¡¢³¦ÍâÓªÑøÖ§³ÖÖÎÁÆÕâÈýÏîÖн¨ÒéʹÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁÒÔÍâ,ÔÚ¸÷¸öÈËȺ¾ùÌᳫͨ¹ýºÏÀíÉÅʳÀ´±£Ö¤ÓªÑøµÄ¹©Ó¦,Õâ¶ÔÖ¸µ¼ÎÒ¹ú¾ÓÃñºÏÀíʹÓÃÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á¾ßÓÐÖØÒªµÄÖ¸µ¼ÒâÒå¡£

¡¡¡¡²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×

¡¡¡¡[1] MANSON J E,BASSUK S S.Vitamin and Mineral Supplements:What clinicians need to know about vitamins and mineral supplements [J].JAMA,2018,319(9):859-860.
¡¡¡¡[2] ÌÆÎÀ¹ú,ÕÅÞ±,ÕÅÇìÀö,µÈ.ÉÅʳ²¹³ä¼ÁÓëÈ«Ö×ÁöËÀÍö·çÏÕ¹ØϵµÄÁ÷Ðв¡Ñ§Ñо¿½øÕ¹ [J].Ö×Áö,2017(4):405-411.
¡¡¡¡[3] Ëï¹ð¾Õ,ÑîÔÂÐÀ,ÁõÁÒ¸Õ,µÈ.ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÿÆѧ¹²Ê¶ [J].ÓªÑøѧ±¨,2018,40(6):521-525.
¡¡¡¡[4] HAYCOCK B,SUNDERMAN A.Dietary supplements [M].New York:Momentum Press,2016.
¡¡¡¡[5] ¹ú¼ÒʳƷҩƷ¼à¶½¹ÜÀí×ܾÖ.ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á¹ÜÀí¹æ¶¨(Õ÷ÇóÒâ¼û¸å)[M].±±¾©:¹ú¼ÒʳƷҩƷ¼à¶½¹ÜÀí×ܾÖ,2014.
¡¡¡¡[6] YUN J,MULLARKY E,LU C,et al.Vitamin C selectively kills KRAS and BRAF mutant colorectal cancer cells by targeting GAPDH [J].Science,2015,350(6266):1391-1396.
¡¡¡¡[7] ZHAO J G,ZENG X T,WANG J,et al.Association between calcium or vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in community-dwelling older adults:a systematic review and meta-analysis [J].JAMA,2017,318(24):2466.
¡¡¡¡[8] ASEMI Z,SANEEI P,SABIHI S S,et al.Total,dietary and supplemental calcium intake and mortality from all-causes,cardiovascular disease and cancer:a meta-analysis of observational studies [J].Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Diseases,2015,25(7):623-634.
¡¡¡¡[9] KHAN S U,KHAN M U,RIAZ H,et al.Effects of nutritional supplements and dietary interventions on cardiovascular outcomes:an umbrella review and evidence map [J].Annals Internal Med,2019,17(13):190-201.
¡¡¡¡[10] Âí¹ÚÉú,´Þ³¯»Ô,ÀîÑÞƽ,µÈ.Öйú³ÉÄê¾ÓÃñÓªÑø²¹³ä¼ÁµÄÏû·ÑÏÖ×´ [J].ÓªÑøѧ±¨,2006,28(1):8-10.
¡¡¡¡[11] ZHAO L G,SHU X O,LI H L,et al.Dietary antioxidant vitamins intake and mortality:a report from two cohort studies of Chinese adults in Shanghai [J].J Epidemiol,2017,27(3):89-97.
¡¡¡¡[12] ºÎÓîÄÉ,Ñîèå,ÐìóÞ,µÈ.±±¾©ÊгÉÄêÈËÉÅʳ¼°ÓªÑø²¹³ä¼ÁÖÐάÉúËغͿóÎïÖʵÄÉãÈë×´¿ö [J].ÓªÑøѧ±¨,2008,2:125-129.
¡¡¡¡[13] ºÎÓîÄÉ,Ñîèå,ÐìóÞ,µÈ.±±¾©ÊÐ45Ëê¼°ÒÔÉϾÓÃñÓªÑø²¹³ä¼ÁʹÓõÄÓ°ÏìÒòËØ [J].ÖлªÔ¤·ÀҽѧÔÓÖ¾,2008,42(11):823-826.
¡¡¡¡[14] ÈÙÓ¨,ÃçÃç,Ëï¹ð¾Õ,µÈ.ÄϾ©Êв¿·Ö¾ÓÃñÓªÑø²¹³ä¼Á֪ʶ¡¢Ì¬¶È¡¢ÐÐΪÏÖ¿öµ÷²é [J].Öйú½¡¿µ½ÌÓý,2009,25(9):676-678.
¡¡¡¡[15] ÁøºÍ´º,ÍõÉÙ¿µ,ÏÄ»Ý,µÈ.Öйú³ÉÈ˾ÓÃñÓªÑøËز¹³ä֪ʶ̬¶ÈÐÐΪµ÷²é [J].ÓªÑøѧ±¨,2019,41(2):8.
¡¡¡¡[16] Âí¹ÚÉú,¿×ÁéÖ¥.Öйú¾ÓÃñÓªÑøÓ뽡¿µ×´¿öµ÷²é±¨¸æ(¾Å)[M].±±¾©:ÈËÃñÎÀÉú³ö°æÉç,2006.
¡¡¡¡[17] Íõ½Ü,ÕÔÀöÔÆ,ÆÓ½¨»ª,µÈ.2009ÄêÖйú8Ê¡(ÊÐ)Ôи¾ÓªÑøÓ뽡¿µ×´¿ö½á¹û·ÖÎö [J].ÎÀÉúÑо¿,2011,40(2):201-203.
¡¡¡¡[18] åµÃú.ÉϺ£ÊÐÔи¾ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁÉãÈëÇé¿ö·ÖÎö [J].ÎÀÉúÑо¿,2008,37(4):460-462.
¡¡¡¡[19] Ñî¾üºì,ÖÜÅàÅà.¹óÑôÊÐÔи¾ÓªÑø²¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÇé¿öµ÷²é [J].΢Á¿ÔªËØÓ뽡¿µÑо¿,2018(1):46-47.
¡¡¡¡[20] µËþ,Áõ²¨,ÐÁÓê,µÈ.³É¶¼ÊÐÔи¾ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁÉãÈëÇé¿ö·ÖÎö[C].±±¾©:ÖйúÓªÑøѧ»áµÚÊ®Èý½ìÈ«¹úÓªÑø¿Æѧ´ó»áôßÈ«Çò»ªÈËÓªÑø¿Æѧ¼Ò´ó»á,2017.
¡¡¡¡[21] ½ù·É»¢,Ñî¿¡­Z,°²½¨¸Ö.°üÍ·ÊÐÔÐÍíÆÚ¸¾Å®ÉÅʳ¼°ÓªÑø×´¿ö·ÖÎö [J].ת»¯Ò½Ñ§µç×ÓÔÓÖ¾,2016,3(2):17-18.
¡¡¡¡[22] ÕÅΨÃô,ÍõÏþÇÙ,²©ÇìÀö,µÈ.°²»ÕÊ¡³ÇÏçÔи¾ÉÅʳӪÑøÏÖ¿öµ÷²éÑо¿ [J].Öйú¸¾Ó×±£½¡,2015(32):5633-5636.
¡¡¡¡[23] ±«Ð¡µ¤,Áõ³ÁÖ,ÐíÖÐÃô,µÈ.ÔÐÆÚÈéĸÆÚ¸¾Å®Î¢Á¿ÓªÑøËØȱ·¦Óë²¹³ä¼Á²úÆ·×´¿öÑо¿ [J].ÖйúʳƷÌí¼Ó¼Á,2014(1):198-203.
¡¡¡¡[24] ¶¡ÀöÀö,³Ì²©,³ÂÑನ,µÈ.ÔÐÖÐÆÚÅ®ÐÔÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃ×´¿ö·ÖÎö [J].ÖйúʳÎïÓëÓªÑø,2013(10):75-77.
¡¡¡¡[25] ¸ßÓÅÃÀ,Âíð¨½à,½ªºìÈç,µÈ.Ôи¾ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓü°Ó°ÏìÒòËØ·ÖÎö [J].Öйú¹«¹²ÎÀÉú,2012(3):272-274.
¡¡¡¡[26] ¾°½¨Áá,Ïĺ£Å¸,¸ß¼ü,µÈ.Ôи¾ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÏÖ×´±È½Ï [J].ÖйúʵÓû¤ÀíÔÓÖ¾,2010,26(10):69-72.
¡¡¡¡[27] ʯӢ½Ü,³ÂÔÆÀû,Õ¿ÓÀÀÖ,µÈ.ÎÒ¹ú7931ÀýÔÐÔçÆÚ¸¾Å®ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃ×´¿ö·ÖÎö [J].ЭºÍҽѧÔÓÖ¾,2020,11(5):585-591.
¡¡¡¡[28] ÕÅΨÃô,ÍõÏþÇÙ,Íõºì¾Õ,µÈ.ºÏ·ÊÊÐÔи¾ÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼Á·þÓÃÇé¿ö·ÖÎö [J].ÖÐÍ⽡¿µÎÄÕª,2014,(1):2.
¡¡¡¡[29] ɳâù÷,ÈÎÕñÓÂ,ÐìóÞ,µÈ.±±¾©ÊоÓÃñÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁÉãÈë×´¿ö·ÖÎö [J].Öйú¹«¹²ÎÀÉú,2005,9:1128.
¡¡¡¡[30] »ÆÏþ·ï,ÁººÍƽ,Õç¹úÐÂ,µÈ.±±¾©ÊÐ˳ÒåÇøÅ©´å4¡«12ÔÂÁäÓ¤Ó׶ùÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁÏÖ×´µ÷²é [J].Ö°ÒµÓ뽡¿µ,2010(11):1247-1249.
¡¡¡¡[31] Áõ·¼,Ôø¹û,ºÎ¾ýÄÝ,µÈ.³É¶¼ÊÐÓ¤Ó׶ùÓªÑø²¹³ä¼ÁÓ¦Óü°Ó°ÏìÒòËØ̽ÌÖ [J].ÎÀÉúÑо¿,2012(6):981-985.
¡¡¡¡[32] ÌÕÐã¾ê,¶Î¾²¾²,Ñ¾ü,µÈ.574ÃûÓ׶ùÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃÏÖ×´µ÷²é [J].Öйú¸¾Ó×±£½¡,2013(27):4519-4520.
¡¡¡¡[33] Íõ½ð×Ó,ÕÅÑÅÈØ,ѦÓÂ,µÈ.3¡«12Ëê¶ùͯӪÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁÉãÈëÁ¿Ñо¿ [J].Öйú¶ùͯ±£½¡ÔÓÖ¾,2015(6):584-587.
¡¡¡¡[34] Íõ½ð×Ó,ÕÅÑÅÈØ,ѦÓÂ,µÈ.3¡«12Ëê¶ùͯÉÅʳ²¹³ä¼ÁÉãÈëÏÖ×´¼°Ó°ÏìÒòËØ·ÖÎö [J].ÖйúʳÎïÓëÓªÑø,2015(2):86-89.
¡¡¡¡[35] ¶Å¾ê,ÕÅÖªÓä,Ðì¼Íƽ.ÖÐѧÉúÉÅʳ²¹³ä¼Á·þÓÃÐÐΪѧµ÷²éÑо¿ [J].ҩѧʵ¼ùÔÓÖ¾,2018(1):93-96.
¡¡¡¡[36] Ì·Ê¥½Ü,Íõ½ð×Ó,ѦÓÂ,µÈ.ÎÒ¹ú²¿·ÖµØÇø¶ùͯº¬Ð¿ÓªÑø²¹³ä¼ÁʹÓü°ÆäÓ°ÏìÒòËØ·ÖÎö [J].ÖйúѧУÎÀÉú,2015,36(3):337-339.
¡¡¡¡[37] National Center For Health Stattstics.Recent Findings on Dietary Intake [R].2017.
¡¡¡¡[38] GUO X,WILLOWS N,KUHLE S,et al.Use of vitamin and mineral supplements among Canadian adults [J].Canadian J Public Health,2009,100(5):357-360.
¡¡¡¡[39] POUCHIEU C,ANDREEVA V A,P NEAU S,et al.Sociodemographic,lifestyle and dietary correlates of dietary supplement use in a large sample of French adults:results from the NutriNet-Sante cohort study [J].Br J Nutr,2013,110(8):1480-1491.
¡¡¡¡[40] BURNETT A J,LIVINGSTONE K M,WOODS J L,et al.Dietary supplement use among Australian adults:findings from the 2011-2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey [J].Nutrients,2017,9(11):1248.
¡¡¡¡[41] SKEIE G,BRAATEN T,HJART KER A,et al.Use of dietary supplements in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Calibration Study [J].Eu J Clin Nutr,2009,63(4):S226.
¡¡¡¡[42] KOFOED C L,CHRISTENSEN J,DRAGSTED L O,et al.Determinants of dietary supplement use--healthy inpiduals use dietary supplements [J].Br J Nutr,2015,113(12):1993.
¡¡¡¡[43] PEKLAR J,HENMAN M C,RICHARDSON K,et al.Food supplement use in the community dwelling population aged 50 and over in the Republic of Ireland [J].Complementary Therapies Med,2013,21(4):333-341.
¡¡¡¡[44] JUNKO I,TAIKI Y,NORIE S,et al.Use of vitamin supplements and risk of total cancer and cardiovascular disease among the Japanese general population:a population-based survey [J].BMC Public Health,2011,11(1):1-10.
¡¡¡¡[45] KOBAYASHI E,SATO Y,UMEGAKI K,et al.The prevalence of dietary supplement use among college students:a nationwide survey in Japan [J].Nutrients,2017,9(11):1250.
¡¡¡¡[46] Áõ°®Áá,¶¡¸ÖÇ¿.Öйú¾ÓÃñÓªÑøÓ뽡¿µ¼à²â±¨¸æ2010—2013Ö®°Ë—ÐÐΪºÍÉú»î·½Ê½ [M].±±¾©:ÈËÃñÎÀÉú³ö°æÉç,2019.

×÷Õßµ¥Î»£ºÖйú¼²²¡Ô¤·À¿ØÖÆÖÐÐÄÓªÑøÓ뽡¿µËù
Ô­Îijö´¦£ºÀîÊç¾ê,ÓÚ¶¬Ã·,ÕÔÀöÔÆ.Öйú¾ÓÃñÓªÑøËز¹³ä¼ÁʹÓÃ×´¿öÑо¿½øÕ¹[J].ÎÀÉúÑо¿,2021,50(01):158-163.
Ïà¹ØÄÚÈÝÍƼö
Ïà¹Ø±êÇ©£º¿ÆѧÒûʳÓ뽡¿µÂÛÎÄ
·µ»Ø£ºÓªÑøѧÂÛÎÄ