英语论文
摘 要
隐喻是一种非常普遍的语言现象。古往今来一直备受中外学者的关注。语言学家和哲学家都对其进行了相关的详细研究。过去的研究认为隐喻仅仅是一种修辞手段。而现代学者拓展了研究范围，认为隐喻是人们认识语言发展与世界发展的一种重要手段。
体育新闻是人们了解最新体育信息的重要语类，而概念隐喻也被广泛地应用于这一语类当中。目前有关体育语言的研究主要是描述其中的语言特色，而全面系统地研究英语体育新闻报道中的概念隐喻现象比较缺乏。本文从杂志上收集了一些涉及概念隐喻的体育新闻，研究发现：在英语体育新闻中，三大类概念隐喻现象，包括结构隐喻，实体隐喻和方位隐喻都有涉及。方位隐喻主要包括上和下两种方位隐喻；实体隐喻包括人体和容器隐喻；而结构隐喻则包括战争，旅游和自然现象隐喻三种。本文的研究有助于人们更好地理解英语体育新闻，并且能体会概念隐喻在人们日常生活中的重要性。
关键词 ： 概念隐喻,结构隐喻,实体隐喻,方位隐喻,英语体育新闻。
Wu Yanxiang
Metaphor is universal in language, which has aroused interest among scholarssince ancient times. Linguists and philosophers have accordingly conducted detailedstudy of this phenomenon. Previous studies considered metaphor just a rhetoricaldevice. However, contemporary scholars have extended the research domain andviewed metaphor as a significant way for humans to understand the development oflanguage and the whole world.
Sports news is a significant genre for understanding current sports informationwhere conceptual metaphors are widely used. The studies of sports news are mainlyconcerned with language features and systematic researches on conceptual metaphorsin sports news are not adequate. The thesis, after having examined samples of sportsnews collected from various magazines, points out that the three main kinds ofconceptual metaphors, including structural metaphors, ontological metaphors andorientational metaphors, are frequently made use of in sports news. Among them,orientational metaphors include up and down orientation, ontological metaphorscontain person and container metaphors and structural metaphors involve war,journey and natural phenomenon metaphors. This thesis is intended to enable peopleto acquire a better understanding of English sports news and to come to realize thesignificance of conceptual metaphors in the daily life.
Key words : conceptual metaphor orientational metaphors ontological metaphorsstructural metaphors English sports news。
Chapter One Introduction
From ancient time, humans have started to study the phenomenon of metaphor.
The earliest serious study of metaphor can be traced back to Aristotle. In his opinion,metaphor is based on the principles of analogy. Moreover, he also treats metaphor as adecorative additive to language.
With the development of society and studies on metaphor, it is viewed not onlyas a linguistic phenomenon, but also as a cognitive phenomenon. At present it is akind of tool of thinking or reasoning. And this kind of studies of metaphor in thecognitive dimension originates from Lakoff and Johnson in 1980. In the bookMetaphors We Live By published by Lakoff and Johnson, they point out thatmetaphor is conceptual and majority of our actions in daily life are based onmetaphorical conceptions.
In recent years, metaphor has become a popular topic and it attracts manylinguists’ interest. Meanwhile, the theory related to conceptual metaphor is applied tomany fields such as economy, politics and advertisement. And the general purpose ofthis thesis is to study the application of conceptual metaphor in the field of Englishsports news. It is intended to help people have a better understanding of Englishsports news and perceive the excitement of the sports games at the same time.
In this thesis, firstly the definition of conceptual metaphor and basic knowledgeabout sports news are discussed in brief. Then detailed examples collected frommedia are analyzed one by one and the mapping process of each kind of conceptualmetaphors is illustrated. Conclusion is given in the last chapter.
Chapter Two Conceptual Metaphors and SportsNews
Theory is the foundation of studies. Before starting to elaborate on conceptualmetaphors in English sports news, it is significant to acquire the knowledge ofconceptual metaphor and of sports news.
2.1、 Definition of conceptual metaphor。
Metaphor is fundamentally conceptual, nor linguistic (Lakoff, 1980). Metaphoriclanguage is just an external manifestation of conceptual metaphor. In our conceptualsystem, much of them is metaphorical. According to Lakoff and Johnson, conceptualmetaphor is the systematic mapping across conceptual domains. That is to say, onedomain of experience called source domain is mapped onto another domain ofexperience, namely, target domain.
Source domain and target domain are two components of conceptual metaphor.
They have some connections. But if the two domains don’t become interrelatedconceptual networks, they are just two independent conceptual network systems andthey consist of human’s conceptual experience of those objects respectively. Thecognitive context relates source domain and target domain and creates similaritybetween them.
Let’s take a conceptual metaphor IDEAS ARE FOOD as an example. In thismetaphor, FOOD is the source domain, and people’s experience of FOOD is mappedonto the IDEA, one kind of target domain. There’s no doubt that we don’t just talkabout ideas in terms of food, but we create and realize the concept of IDEAS throughthe concept of food. So we can have a taste of it. Moreover, we can also comprehendideas by swallowing. And just like food, ideas may have a wonderful or bad flavor. Inthis sense, the concept, the quality and the language are all metaphorically created.
Varieties of expressions about this metaphor are listed as follows:
What he said left a bad taste in my mouth.
The argument sells fishy.
I just can’t swallow that claim. (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980:46)。
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2.2、 Classifications of conceptual metaphors
2.3、 Previous studies on sports news .
3、Chapter Three Analysis of Conceptual Metaphors in English Sports New
3.1、 Data collection and analysis
3.2 、Sub-classi fications of 0rientati onal Metaphors
3.3 、Sub-classi fications of Ontological Metaphors.
3.4 、Sub-classi fications of the Structural
Chapter Four Conclusion
The theme of this thesis is the study of conceptual metaphors in English sportsnews. After doing various studies, some findings are demonstrated. Firstly, conceptualmetaphors play a significant role in our daily life and in English sports news. It is thereflection of a way of thinking connecting source domain with target domain. Eachmetaphor contains a mapping process. In English sports news, three main kinds ofconceptual metaphors: orientational metaphors, ontological metaphors and structuralmetaphors, are all included. Among them, there are various source domains but mainsource domains are limited. In orientational metaphors, main source domains are upand down; in ontological metaphors person and container are used mostly; and instructural metaphors war, journey and natural phenomenon are the widely employedsource domains. The use of these conceptual metaphors is to help people have a betterunderstanding of the news and to enable them to experience the excitement of sportsmatches.
There are also some limitations and shortcomings in this study. Firstly, theexamples used in this thesis are mainly selected from English sports news whichhappened in 2008. The thesis has conducted some analyses, but not so deep. Secondly,the examples are selected from many kinds of media. So the writing styles aredifferent and it has incurred difficulties for readers.
With regard to some advice for further studies in the future. It is hoped that the similarconceptual metaphors in English and Chinese are to be studied so that we can exploresimilarities and differences in conceptual metaphors in different cultures. It maybenefit the study of conceptual metaphor in the end.
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