三、展望
3D打印技术发展至今，取得了令人振奋的临床科研效果。3D打印技术在骨科领域的应用大致可分为3个阶段：Ⅰ术前打印1∶ 1实体模型等进行术前规划，术中导航；Ⅱ制备出个性化假体及内植物来满足不同病患的需要；Ⅲ打印组织工程支架，与细胞等复合培养，形成功能组织，从而代替、修复原有病变组织。其中，第一阶段的技术已趋于成熟，第二阶段也逐渐应用于临床研究，而第三阶段，即组织工程方面，该技术正处于起步阶段，多集中在基础研究以及动物实验。虽然3D打印技术在临床上的应用具有相当大的优势，但其尚存许多不足之处，其中最重要的就是材料的限制，目前供3D打印机使用的材料非常有限，包括石膏、金属、陶瓷、塑料等。尚无法支持临床中所应用的各种材料的打印。而胶原蛋白、羟基磷灰石等具备生物相容性和安全性的生物活性材料，尚处于实验室阶段。并且由于制造加工时对材料要求较高，3D打印设备昂贵，加上专业人员培训、数据处理与大规模批量生产问题等都阻碍了这项技术的普遍使用。另外，3D打印需要影像学、生物工程学等相关领域多方面合作，普通医院尚不具备这些条件，且许多医生对此技术的应用还不是很了解。除此之外，经此技术打印出的假体等物品的精确度和安全性、组织工程领域的活体组织遇到的道德挑战以及知识产权等相关问题也是制约其发展及应用几大因素。
虽然3D打印技术的应用存在上述各种因素的制约，但我们相信这些问题都会在将来的不断发展中得以解决。3D打印技术将更好、更全面地应用于骨科等相关领域，从而更好地服务于患者。
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