胎儿权益的司法保护情况探讨

    本篇论文目录导航：

【题目】胎儿权益的司法保护情况探讨  
【引言  第一章】胎儿权益保护理论 
【第二章】胎儿人身伤害的司法保护  
【第三章】遗腹子抚养费的司法保护  
【第四章】胎儿财产继承等权益的司法保护
【第五章】 “不当出生”损害赔偿的司法保护 
【结论/参考文献】司法实践中胎儿权益保护研究结论与参考文献 



　　摘 要

　　对胎儿权益给予保护是近年来各国法律一致秉持的态度。在我国，《民法通则》第 9 条规定“公民从出生时起到死亡时止，具有民事权利能力”,法律上不承认胎儿的民事主体地位，使胎儿权益保护在立法上存在缺失，目前我国胎儿权益主要由法官通过司法裁判进行保护。

　　笔者着眼于我国各类涉及胎儿权益纠纷典型案例，以案例分析法为主要论证方法，探讨胎儿权益的司法保护情况。本文除引言和结论部分外，主要分五章进行论述：

　　第一章论述了目前“权利能力说”和“法益说”两类影响司法的胎儿权益保护理论，通过两种理论分析，本文认为，两种观点分别对不同胎儿权益纠纷的司法保护提供了理论支持，具有较强的指导作用，但在适用中也存在一定的局限性；第二章主要讨论了胎儿人身伤害的司法保护。通过若干案例，归纳人身伤害纠纷的特点和责任要件，并对人身伤害损害赔偿的法律依据和赔偿范围进行了论述。本文认为，我国胎儿人身伤害纠纷的司法保护是以胎儿活体出生为前提，由新出生的自然人作为民事主体，裁判中实际运用了“权利预先效力说”,对其胎儿期所受损害进行救济；第三章探讨了遗腹子抚养费纠纷，即遗腹子受抚养权的司法保护。

　　结合典型案例，分析不同情况下遗腹子抚养费的赔偿问题及法院裁判的主要依据。本文观点是，由于法无明文，遗腹子抚养费纠纷的审理和裁判实质上是法院通过各种方式在个案裁判中“找法”的过程，裁判理由多种多样，司法保护仍存在不统一和不确定的问题；第四章就胎儿财产继承、受赠与等权益的司法保护展开论述，分别讨论胎儿财产继承和赠与等纠纷典型案例，引申到胎儿受遗赠问题，并归纳了司法裁判中保护胎儿权益的各种观点。本文认为，无论采用何种裁判方法，其目的都是将胎儿权益纳入法律对“人”的权利保护中，似适用“权利能力说”在特定情形下默认了胎儿民事主体地位；第五章主要探讨了“不当出生”损害赔偿纠纷的法律问题，包括父母的优生优育选择权、赔偿请求权及赔偿范围。本文认为，“不当出生”纠纷虽未直接对胎儿权益造成侵害，但作为胎儿权益保护的特殊类型，纠纷损害赔偿主要是为缓解缺陷儿出生后，本人及其父母在物质及精神上额外面临的不便和困扰，法院应当给予支持。

　　本文通过对涉及胎儿权益的纠纷分门别类进行讨论，归纳出目前我国司法实践中对胎儿保护的方法和存在的一些问题，笔者在结论部分认为，在胎儿民事主体地位立法缺失的情况下，法官们想方设法在学理中寻找依据，通过个案裁判对胎儿权益进行司法保护并非长久之计，完善立法才是解决胎儿权益保护问题的根本对策。时值我国民法典总则起草之际，笔者也尝试从司法角度为立法的完善提出了建议。

　　关键词：胎儿 胎儿权益 胎儿权利能力 司法保护
 

　　ABSTRACT

　　In recent years, legislations of many countries have been dedicated tothe protection of fetus rights. But according to the stipulation of Article 9of General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of Chinathat a citizen has the capacity for civil rights from birth to death, so fetus'civil subject status is not admitted legally, which leads to absent legislationon fetus rights protection. Therefore, currently fetus rights are mainlyprotected by juridical adjudication in China.

　　Focusing on various kinds of fetus rights-related dispute cases inChina, this paper adopts case analysis method as primary demonstrationmethod to discuss juridical protection condition of fetus rights. In additionto introduction and conclusion, this paper will make discussion in fivechapters as follows:

　　The first chapter is the discussion of two current fetus rights protectiontheories, “legal capacity theory” and “legal interest theory” which haveimpact on judicature. With comparative analysis of “legal capacity theory”and “legal interest theory”, it is concluded in this chapter that these twokinds of standpoints provide theoretical support to judicial protection forvarious kinds of fetus rights disputes respectively, with great guidingfunction as well as certain limitation in application;Juridical protection of fetus personal injury is discussed in the secondchapter. Characteristics and liability elements of personal injury disputesare summarized with some cases, and legal basis and compensation scopeof personal injury and damage compensation are discussed as well. It isconcluded in this chapter that juridical protection of fetus personal injurydisputes in China regards fetus live birth as premise, newborn naturalperson as civil subject, provides relief to the injury during fetus period, and“rights vorwirkung theory” is applied in practical judgment;The third chapter is about the posthumous child alimony disputes,namely the juridical protection of posthumous child's rights to be fostered.The compensation issues of posthumous child's alimony under differentsituations and primary basis of court supporting alimony compensation areanalyzed together with cases. As no specific law, trail and judgment ofposthumous child alimony disputes is the process of court find laws in casejudgments by various means. With diverse judgment reasons, there areissues of disunity and uncertainty in juridical protection;On basis of juridical protection of fetus property inheritance, donationrights, typical cases of fetus property inheritance and donation rights arediscussed respectively in the fourth chapter. And this is also extended tofetus's bequest acceptance issues, to make conclusion of all kinds of pointsof fetus rights protection in juridical judgment. It is concluded in thischapter that, no matter which judgment method is adopted, its purpose is tobring fetus rights into legislation protection scope of “human” rights.

　　Application of “legal capacity theory” tacitly admits fetus' civil subjectstatus in certain circumstances;The fifth chapter mainly discusses the legal issues of “improper birth”damage compensation disputes, including parents' option of sound childrearing, compensation claim right and compensation scope. It is concludedin this chapter that, though “improper birth” doesn't cause infringementdirectly to fetus rights, as a special type of fetus rights protection, disputedamage compensation is mainly for relieving material and psychologicalinconvenience and trouble of parents and their own, which shall besupported by court.

　　Through classified discussion of fetus rights-involved disputes, fetusprotection methods and existing problems of current juridical practice inChina are summarized. In conclusion part, the author believes, undercircumstances with absent legislation of fetus civil subject status, thatjudges try every means to find theoretical basis, and conduct juridicalprotection of fetus rights through case judgments is a temporary solutionwhile perfect legislation is the basic countermeasure to solve fetus rightsprotection problems. When Civil Code of China is being drafted,suggestions are offered for perfect legislation from juridical perspective.

　　KEY WORDS: Fetus, Embryos right capability, Embryos' interest,Juridical protection

    目 录

　　引 言

　　第一章 胎儿权益保护理论

　　一、“权利能力说”的立法体现和分析

　　二、“权利能力说”的质疑和思考

　　第二节 “法益说”

　　一、传统“法益说”

　　二、人身权延伸保护说

　　三、权利的预先效力说

　　第二章 胎儿人身伤害的司法保护

　　第一节 胎儿人身伤害纠纷的特点

　　一、权益损害的间接性

　　二、侵害时间的特定性

　　三、侵害结果的滞后性

　　四、因果关系的复杂性

　　第二节 胎儿人身伤害的责任要件

　　一、司法中的请求权基础

　　二、违法侵害行为要件

　　三、损害事实要件

　　四、因果关系要件

　　五、过错要件

　　第三节 胎儿人身伤害典型案例分析

　　一、胎儿人身伤害典型案例

　　二、侵害胎儿生命的司法裁判

　　三、损害赔偿的法律依据及赔偿范围

　　四、胎儿父母过错或侵害的赔偿责任问题

　　第三章 遗腹子抚养费的司法保护

　　第一节 遗腹子抚养费纠纷典型案例

　　第二节 遗腹子抚养费赔偿问题分析

　　第三节 遗腹子抚养费赔偿的主要依据

　　一、法律条文规定及解释

　　二、地方性司法指导意见

　　三、法律原则、公序良俗和理论学说

　　第四章 胎儿财产继承等权益的司法保护

　　第一节 胎儿财产继承权益典型案例

　　第二节 继承纠纷的胎儿权益保护

　　第三节 赠与及遗赠纠纷中的胎儿权益保护

　　一、对胎儿的赠与纠纷分析

　　二、胎儿接受遗赠的司法保护

　　第五章 “不当出生”损害赔偿的司法保护

　　第一节 “不当出生”概念及其特点

　　第二节 “不当出生”损害赔偿典型案例

　　第三节 优生优育选择权的侵权法保护

　　第四节 损害赔偿请求权和赔偿范围

　　一、“不当出生”损害赔偿请求权

　　二、“不当出生”的损害赔偿范围

　　结 论

　　参考文献

　　致 谢