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东北师大硕士开题报告(2)

来源:学术堂 作者:胡老师
发布于:2017-05-19 共10282字
  虚拟水及其相应的理念在我国还是个较新的科学前沿,“虚拟水”概念一经被引入国内,就得到了国内专家学者的高度重视和关注,尤其是在粮食安全和水资源安全战略性问题的研究领域得到了应用,普遍认为虚拟水是一种解决水资源安全的新途径。
  
  程国栋院士[28] 首先量化了2000年西北各省(区)虚拟水消费总量,认为虚拟水概念为中国水资源安全战略提供了新思路,并探讨了实施虚拟水对策的政策建议。此后,钟华平,柯兵等分别介绍了虚拟水对水资源安全、农 业生产和粮食安全、水资源管理的重要意义[29,30,31].柳长顺等[32] 通过国家市场外汇能力和对农民所产生的影响这3个方面进行了分析,研究了未来中国实行虚拟水贸易的可行性,马静等通过对各区域农产品的生产和消费能力分 析,计算了我国南北方及各区域间虚拟水流量[33] ,龙爱华等人以甘肃和西北四省区为例,较为完整地归纳了农产 品以及动物产品虚拟水的计算方法,将其理论应用到实践中,并对与水资源相关的管理政策制定进行了探讨[34] . 曹建廷等对农畜产品的虚拟水含量的计算方法进行了研究[35] ,并揭示了虚拟水对于制定水资源政策方面的作用。
  
  总之,虚拟水的研究在我国尚不完善,和国外的研究相比,还有待进一步的提高和拓深。目前仅在农产品虚拟水方面进行了量化研究,相比之下,畜产品和工业品的虚拟水的研究还尚未成熟,虽然研究范围比较广泛,但是更深入、更系统的虚拟水研究还有待进一步开展。
  
  2.2.2水足迹
  
  自从水足迹的概念被提出之后,在国内,龙爱华、徐中民等首次引进虚拟水概念计算了2000年西北四省的水足迹[36],并且龙爱华等人探讨了人口、技术、消费模式等因素对水足迹的影响[37,38,39] .从区域水足迹研究来看,不 同地区的水足迹差异较大,马静等[40] 对我国南方和北方的水足迹进行了分析,并对北方高于南方的人均水足迹的主要原因做了探讨;邓晓军等从国家尺度分析了产生高水足迹的原因,为科学利用水资源提供了有益的决策依据, 王新华等[41] 引入水足迹的概念并计算了全国各省2000年的人均水足迹,探讨了降低水足迹、缓解水资源短缺压力 的途径。国内有些学者将生态环境用水包括在人类的水足迹中[42],李晓丽[43],陈秀端[44],王芳等[45] 分别开展了基于生态需水的区域水足迹研究,提出合理量化生态环境需水是水资源优化配置亟待解决的问题,强调了提高水资源利用效率的重要性。
  
  以虚拟水消费为基础的水足迹能更真实地衡量社会经济系统对水资源的消费利用状况,在龙爱华等人近年来 开展了区域的虚拟水消费研究之后,狄乾斌[46],赵红飞[47],覃德华[48] 分别对各自的区域进行了基于虚拟水的水足迹计算和评价,为水资源综合管理和科学利用提供决策依据和参考。我国与国际上水足迹研究进程相似,继国家和区域水资源消费评价之后,转向特定产品的生产水足迹,这一领域的探索刚刚开始,特别是在农业生产水足迹方面,仅有邓晓军(2009),盖立强(2010),何浩(2010)对棉花、小麦、玉米及水稻的生产水足迹进行了实证 研究[49,50,51] ,其内涵包括了蓝水足迹、绿水足迹和灰水足迹,取得了一定的成果,但是国内学者对单一产品的灰水足迹研究还比较少,同国外有很大差距。
  
  东北地区主要农作物的生产水足迹研究未见报道,在此基础上开展黑龙江垦区粮食生产水足迹,对指导粮食主产区的农业产业结构具有十分重要的作用。
  
  综上所述,从目前研究来看,围绕粮食生产水足迹的研究还存在的问题:
  
  随着粮食生产的蓝水、绿水研究不断深入,关于灰水的研究刚刚开始,反映粮食生产中化肥所需水资源量的灰水足迹测度方法需要深一步研究。
  
  生产水足迹的研究不够。首先,影响生产水足迹的因素都不是单一的,而是诸多因素共同作用的,我们应该综合考虑和分析诸多因素对生产水足迹的影响,减少其与实际需求量的差距,使水资源管理的研究更具现实意义。其次,降低生产水足迹的方法途径还不完善。生产水足迹尤其是灰水足迹的提出,通过推广行走式节水灌溉技术,实时追踪,评价其灰水足迹,指导农业生产中化肥的合理利用,提供更加科学的分析依据和经验。
  
  3主要参考文献:
  
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