摘 要
耕地作为一种不可再生资源，承担着国家粮食安全和生态安全的重任。对此，我国实行最为严格的耕地管理制度，严守 18 亿亩耕地红线。但是随着经济社会的高速发展，农村人口占总人口的比重不断下降，使得耕地资源闲置、退化和减少的现象十分严重；同时，受传统耕地资源保护模式影响，人们仅关注耕地的经济价值，忽视耕地的生态价值，导致耕地生态环境破坏与污染问题频发。在以上因素的影响下，我国耕地资源生态系统服务功能不断下降，迫切需要对其实行全方位的保护。我国耕地问题的根源在于耕地资源保护与利用中存在外部性问题，而生态补偿制度能适当约束经济主体的负外部性行为，激励耕地保护者的正外部性行为，是解决耕地资源外部性内部化问题的根本途径。
对此，本文以耕地生态补偿制度的基础理论为支撑，通过分析我国目前耕地生态补偿实践中存在的问题，试图构建一个完善的耕地生态补偿制度框架，对补偿制度的利益相关方（对谁补偿，谁来补偿）、补偿标准（补偿多少）、补偿方式（怎么补 ）进行了深入研究。文章随后选取浙江省率先实行耕地生态补偿制度的嘉兴市进行实证研究，根据本文构建的补偿框架，对完善嘉兴市现有耕地生态补偿制度提出了政策建议，并运用修正的当量因子法和生态承载力模型对嘉兴市的耕地生态补偿标准进行了科学测算，测算得出嘉兴市 2013 年的耕地生态补偿金额应为 5600.85 元/hm2,其中人均受偿金额为 626 元，表明嘉兴市的实际耕地补偿标准偏低。在此基础上也对完善我国耕地生态补偿制度提出了对策建议。
本文的创新点主要有以下三点：第一，文章研究领域新颖，国内对生态补偿的研究集中在流域、林业、矿产资源方面，而在耕地方面的研究很少；第二，本文在构建耕地生态补偿制度框架时，根据耕地资源外部性的性质不同，将补偿制度分为两类：耕地正外部性的补偿和耕地负外部性的补偿，并解决了不同制度下的补偿利益相关方、补偿方式、以及补偿资金的来源、去向问题；第三，在测算耕地生态补偿标准时，采用当量因子法和生态承载力模型共同测算，在此基础上又使用拟合的皮尔曲线与恩格尔系数反映一定经济水平下居民的的补偿支付意愿，使用农业产值占总产值的比重反映地区经济发展水平，两者共同对补偿标准测算模型进行了修正，使补偿标准的测算结果更加科学合理、也更具操作性。
关键词：耕地保护；生态补偿；生态价值；补偿标准；嘉兴市
Abstract
Arable land is responsible for the country' food security and ecological securityas a kind of non-renewed resource. In this regard, China has adopted the moststringent farmland management systems, and sticks to the red line of 18 million acresof arable land. But with the rapid economic development, the proportion of the ruralpopulation to the total population is declining, which brings much degradation to thecultivated land. Affected by the traditional resource protection mode, people focusonly on the economic value of arable land, ignoring ecological farmland value,whichresults in that pollution and ecological damage problem frequently happen. Under theinfluence of the dual factors of quantity and quality of arable land , the function ofecosystem services has declined much, which asks for a urgently comprehensiveprotection to the arable land. The root of the problems of the arable land is theexternality exists in the use and protection of the arable land. Ecologicalcompensation system of arable land can properly constrain the external behavior ofeconomic actors and encourage the positive externality of the protectors of arable land.
It is a effective way to make the externality of arable land internalized.
After reading a lot of related literature about arable ecological compensation,with the support of the theories about arable ecological compensation system, thisarticle makes a profound analysis of the practice and problems of China's arableecological compensation system, trying to establish a comprehensive institutionalframework of arable ecological compensation system, combining with the deepanalysis of the stakeholders, the compensation standard, the compensation methodsand so on. Then the paper takes the Jiaxing city as an example to do a empirical study,providing some advises about improving the arable ecological compensation systemfrom several aspects according to the institutional system established in this paper. Inthe empirical part, the article uses modified equivalent factor method and EcologyCapacity model to measure the compensation standard in Jiaxing city, the conclusionshows that the arable compensation should be 5600.85 yuan per hectare and 626 yuanper each person.
The innovative points of this article are as follows: firstly, the compensationinstitution is divided into two categories according to the nature of the arableexternality, the first one is the compensation to the arable positive externality, thesecond one is the compensation to the negative externality, what's more, the articlebuilds a income-flow model to explain the origin and whereabouts of thecompensation funds and the operation mode of the compensation institution indifferent compensation models. Secondly, because the arable land is a special systemwhich combine natural economy with social system, so it takes use of equivalentfactor method and Ecology Capacity model to measure compensation standard andmakes correction with the method of fitting Pierre curve and Enger coefficient tomake the amount of compensation in line with the regional economic level, which ismuch more scientific and practical.
Keywords: protection of arable land; ecological compensation; ecological value;standard of compensation; Jiaxing city
目 录
摘 要
Abstract
目 录
1 绪 论
1.1 研究背景及意义
1.1.1 研究背景
1.1.2 研究意义
1.2 研究内容与方法
1.2.1 研究内容
1.2.2 研究方法
1.2.3 技术路线
1.3 论文可能的创新点
2 耕地生态补偿制度基础理论与文献综述
2.1 耕地生态补偿制度内涵
2.2 耕地生态补偿制度基础理论
2.3 耕地生态补偿制度研究综述
2.4 文献评述与研究展望
3 我国现有耕地生态补偿制度分析
3.1 我国耕地资源总体利用状况分析
3.1.1 耕地数量稳定但总体质量下降
3.1.2 城镇化建设推动非农用地增加
3.1.3 缺乏休耕制度使耕地地力衰竭
3.1.4 耕地重金属污染问题日渐突现
3.2 我国耕地资源生态保护政策分析
3.2.1 重耕地的生产功能轻生态功能
3.2.2 重耕地的经济补偿轻生态补偿
3.2.3 重行政保护手段轻法律经济手段
3.3 我国现有耕地生态补偿制度存在的问题分析
3.3.1 耕地生态系统服务价值观念不强
3.3.2 耕地生态补偿制度法制建设缺失
3.3.3 耕地生态补偿机制运行不健全
4 构建完善的耕地生态补偿制度框架
4.1 耕地资源生态补偿的利益相关方
4.1.1 针对耕地正外部性补偿的利益相关方
4.1.2 针对耕地负外部性补偿的利益相关方
4.2 耕地资源生态补偿方式
4.2.1 针对耕地正外部性补偿的补偿方式
4.2.2 针对耕地负外部性补偿的补偿方式
4.3 耕地资源生态补偿标准
4.3.1 基于当量因子法的测算
4.3.2 基于生态足迹模型的测算
4.4 耕地资源生态补偿模式
4.4.1 耕地生态补偿的政府手段
4.4.2 耕地生态补偿的市场手段
5 耕地生态补偿制度的实证研究--以嘉兴市为例
5.1 嘉兴市自然区条件分析
5.2 嘉兴市耕地利用情况分析
5.3 嘉兴市耕地生态补偿制度研究
5.3.1 嘉兴市耕地生态补偿主体
5.3.2 嘉兴市耕地生态补偿方式
5.3.3 嘉兴市耕地生态补偿模式
5.3.4 嘉兴市耕地生态补偿标准
6 完善我国耕地生态补偿制度的建议
6.1 提高公众对耕地生态补偿制度的认知
6.2 建立耕地资源生态功能的检测体系
6.3 加强耕地生态补偿制度的法制建设
6.4 构建多元化的耕地生态补偿制度运作方式
参考文献
致谢
