摘 要
水资源短缺和肥料利用率不高是限制我国农业发展的主要因素之一。如何在资源有限的条件下,充分利用水肥的增产效应对我国农业的发展具有重要的意义。西北地区地域辽阔,光热土资源丰富,是我国重要的粮食生产基地之一,但是该区气候干旱,降雨量少,蒸发量大,限制了农业的发展。推广使用滴灌水肥一体化技术和简易水肥一体化技术是解决水肥利用率低下的重要途径。随着我国农业集约化程度的提高,水肥一体化技术越来越受到重视,但是在推广和应用中存在着很多的问题。本文在外出社会实践工作的基础上,针对水肥一体化技术推广过程中存在的问题,结合实际情况运用查阅文献的方法,对滴灌水肥一体化技术和简易水肥一体化技术进行全面的分析,提出其在推广应用中存在的问题及解决对策,得到以下主要结论:
(1)滴灌水肥一体化技术和简易水肥一体化技术水肥一体化技术都具有节水、节肥、节省劳动力、提高经济效益和水肥高效耦合的优势,而且均能解决作物肥料利用率低,水资源浪费严重等问题,但是滴灌水肥一体化技术比简易水肥一体化技术便于大规模自动化管理。尽管滴灌水肥一体化技术在实际使用过程中会出现管道堵塞和盐分累积等问题,但只要滴灌设备选择恰当,人为操作合理,这些问题是可以避免的。相对于简易水肥一体化技术,滴灌水肥一体化技术首期投入高,这对于西北地区的农户而言有一定的经济压力,而简易水肥一体化技术很好的弥补了这个缺点,并适于小农户种植规模。
(2)两种水肥一体化技术在我国虽然发展较快,但是在推广应用中存在着以下问题:高产高效机理研究较少;配套设备及高端全水溶肥研发较少;缺乏水肥方面专业人才指导;技术推广手段落后;普及力度弱,阻碍其推广发展;技术推广中农民的主体意识不强;农户学习途径水肥一体化的很少;政府对技术推广支撑不足,缺乏监管。针对上述两种水肥一体化技术推广应用中出现的问题,提出了以下建议:坚持政府引导、国家政策扶持;坚持因地制宜,合理布局的原则;加强水肥一体化技术基础性研究;加大农业科技技术推广投入力度;大力宣传,做好培训工作。
综上所述,要促进水肥一体化技术的广泛使用,既要依靠技术创新和政策的引导支持,又要强化示范推广及技术培训,以期促进该项技术的快速发展。
关键词:滴灌水肥一体化技术,简易水肥一体化技术,应用,问题,对策
ABSTRACT
Water shortage and low fertilizer efficiency are the important factors that limitagricultural development. It is therefore of great importance to make better use of water andfertilizers under limited resources. The Northwest region, as one of the major grainproduction base in China, is rich of light and land resources, but lack of rainfall and high inevaporation, which limits the agricultural development. Implement of drip and simplefertigation technology is an important way to improve water and fertilizer use efficiency.
With the development of intensive agriculture, fertigation technology is obtaining more andmore attention, but a lot of problems still exist in the promotion and adaptation of thistechnology. Based on the social practice and literature review, we thoroughly analyzed theproblems exist in the adaptation of drip and simple fertigation, and also proposedcountermeasure of those problems. The major findings were included below:
(1)Both drip and simple fertigation have the advantage of saving water, fertilizer, andlabor as well as economical beneficial, and also can increase water and fertilizer useefficiency. However, the drip fertigation is easier to automatically manage in a large scale.
Although salt accumulation and pipe blockage can happen in the employment of dripfertigation, it can be solved by appropriately selecting irrigation equipment and rationallyoperating. In contrast to simple fertigation, drip fertigation need higher investment initially,which can result in economic burden to the local farmers. However, simple fertigationtechnology can make up this shortcoming, and is suitable for small scale farmers planting.
(2)Although, both of the fertigation technologies rapidly developed in China, but thefollowing problems are existing in the adaptation of these technologies: the research on themechanisms of high yield and high efficiency is rare; invention of equipment and advancedsoluble fertilizer are less; lack of professional guidance; the technology promotion isbackward; weak in popularization; consciousness of the farmers are weak; the approaches forfarmers to learning are scarce; lack of support and supervision from the government. To solvethese mentioned problems, we proposed the following suggestions: persist in governmentguidance and national policy support; insisting in adjusting local conditions and rationalarrangement; strengthening the basic research of fertigation technology; increasing theinvestment of technology promotion; enhance publicity and improve training work.
In conclusion, to promote the adaptation of fertigation technology, it is not onlynecessary to promote technological innovation and policy guidance, but also enhance thedemonstration and technical training, which could therefore accelerate the development ofthese technologies.
KEY WORDS: Drip fertigation technology, Simple fertigation technology, Adaptation,Problem, Solutions
目 录
第一章 文献综述
1.1 研究目的及意义
1.1.1 选题背景
1.1.2 研究目的
1.1.3 研究意义
1.2 国内外研究现状
1.2.1 国外研究现状
1.2.2 国内研究现状
1.3 研究方法
1.4 研究技术路线
1.5 研究内容
第二章 滴灌水肥一体化技术
2.1 滴灌水肥一体化技术
2.1.1 滴灌水肥一体化系统组成
2.1.2 滴灌水肥一体化技术肥料选择
2.1.3 玉米滴灌水肥一体化技术的应用
2.1.4 灌水肥一体化技术的优点
2.1.5 滴灌水肥一体化技术局限性
2.2 本章小结
第三章 简易水肥一体化技术
3.1 简易水肥一体化技术-施肥枪
3.1.1 施肥枪使用现状
3.1.2 简易水肥一体化技术系统组成
3.1.3 苹果简易水肥一体化技术的应用
3.1.4 简易水肥一体化技术优缺点
3.2 本章小结
第四章 水肥一体化技术推广应用中存在的问题及解决对策
4.1 水肥一体化技术研究层面问题
4.1.1 水肥一体化技术高产高效机理研究少
4.1.2 技术配套设备及高端全水溶肥研发较少
4.2 水肥一体化技术推广层面问题
4.2.1 缺乏水肥方面专业人才指导
4.2.2 技术推广手段落后
4.2.3 政府对水肥一体化技术推广支撑不足,缺乏监管
4.3 农民对水肥一体化技术接受层面问题
4.3.1 在水肥一体化技术推广中农民的主体意识不强
4.3.2 农户学习及了解水肥一体化技术的途径很少
4.4 推广水肥一体化技术的对策
4.4.1 坚持政府引导、国家政策扶持
4.4.2 坚持因地制宜,合理布局的原则
4.4.3 加强水肥一体化技术基础性研究
4.4.4 加大农业科技技术推广投入力度
4.4.5 大力宣传,做好水肥一体化技术培训工作
4.5 本章小结
第五章 结论与展望
5.1 主要结论
5.2 本文不足之处
5.3 展望
参考文献
致 谢