虚拟货币对微观经济的作用探究

    本篇论文目录导航：

【题目】虚拟货币对微观经济的作用探究 
【第一章】虚拟货币发展问题探析导论
【第二章】虚拟货币的概念界定 
【3.1】初级虚拟货币的产生与发展  
【3.2】初级虚拟货币的当前现状分析 
【第四章】虚拟货币的微观经济意义 
【第五章】初级虚拟货币对微观经济主体的影响 
【第六章】虚拟货币的发展方向 
【参考文献】虚拟货币与微观经济的关系研究参考文献 



　　论 文 摘 要

　　虚拟货币是否能对实体经济产生影响这一争论，在最近几年都是经济学前沿问题研究中的热点问题。与此同时，互联网还在不断扩展着应用边界，逐渐渗透到社会生活的各个角落，成为社会经济、文化生活和个人生活的平台，并在各个领域产生了重大的影响。

　　从目前的发展情况来看，虚拟货币的产生和发行大部分都是出自于企业行1家而言，研究虚拟货币的性质、对微观经济发展的作用、作用方式及作用程度，可以为国家产业经济发展战略的选择、货币政策的制定提供重要的指导性意见。

　　而针对国外虚拟货币发展情况的普遍性研究，则可以总结出虚拟货币的发展趋势和方向，为那些虚拟货币还处于萌芽和发展过程中的国家提供宝贵的经验借鉴，从而避免“数字鸿沟”的进一步扩大。

　　目前，国内针对虚拟货币的讨论有着迥然不同的态度和结论，或者视虚拟货币为洪水猛兽，或者认为虚拟货币发展前景黯淡。这些观点对虚拟货币的评价都有一个前提，即以一种成熟的虚拟货币的标准，甚至是现实中信用货币的标准来衡量。因此，本文在分析和讨论相关问题时，将虚拟货币分为初级和高级两类，有利于客观地分析虚拟货币的发展和未来方向。

　　本文以基于互联网的虚拟货币作为研究对象，来探讨其对微观经济的影响。

　　文章既立足于现状，研究当前阶段虚拟货币发展过程中存在的现实问题，又展望未来，初步探讨了虚拟货币未来发展前景及相关问题。

　　全文共分四个部分，包括六个章节。第一部分介绍了选题的目的和意义，指出了本文所作研究的理论价值和实践价值。明确界定了虚拟货币的概念，并且区分其不同的发展阶段。从不同角度分析虚拟货币和现实货币、电子货币的区别与联系，总结出虚拟的性质。第二部分通过分析我国当前的支付环境及存在问题，得出初级虚拟货币产生的原因，并且对初级虚拟货币当前国内和国外的发展进行了分析介绍。第三部分中的第四章和第五章是本文的主体部分，从网络经济学的角度讨论了虚拟货币的经济学含义，利用“成本-收入”方法分析了初级虚拟货币对微观经济主体的影响。第四部分介绍了当前初级虚拟货币虚拟银行的出现，对全文的研究结论进行了简要的总结，并引出虚拟货币的未来方向是统一。

　　本文从虚拟货币的网络外部性入手讨论了虚拟货币的经济学含义，指出虚拟货币对于“网络拥堵”问题是一个比较理想的解决方式。由于基于信息交流的需求和信息互动的影响，信息趋向于实体化。因此，虚拟货币不仅仅在经济领域可以促进电子商务的进一步发展，而且在经济研究领域能够作为大规模虚拟经济体的基础，能够以更低的成本来实现大规模的经济实验，为学术研究搭建起一个理想的实验平台。

　　利用“成本-收入”的分析方法研究初级虚拟货币对微观经济主体的影响，得出如下结论：初级虚拟货币的发行者在付出比较大的固定成本支出后，可以长期处在规模经济的范围内，享受网络效应带来的好处。接受初级虚拟货币支付的商家可以利用初级虚拟货币的网络规模来增加销售机会，使原本无法实现的微额实时支付、高频率交易成为可能。初级虚拟货币健全了支付工具体系，提高经济运行的效率，推动经济更快发展。

　　基于本文的结论，总体而言，虚拟货币对一国微观经济影响作用在逐渐显现出来，但是作用程度大小依据虚拟货币在各国的发展状况而各不相同。由于当前初级虚拟货币的发行大多是非金融机构的企业行为，并且虚拟货币的迅猛发展是最近两年的新兴现象，因而相关的数据很难查询和搜集整理，无法利用计量模型针对初级虚拟货币的发行和企业运营的关系进行实证分析研究，这是本文的最大不足。

　　关键词：虚拟货币；网络外部性；网上支付； 微观经济影响； 实体经济

　　Abstract

　　In recent years, the argument over whether virtual currency can have aninfluence on the real economy is a hot topic of the frontiers in economics. At thesame time, the Internet continues to expand its application border, and graduallypenetrates into each corner of social life, bringing a significant impact upon variousfields of the society.

　　Judging from the present development of the virtual currency, the emergence andthe issue of virtual currencies are mostly the behavior of enterprises. However, withthe further evolution of the Internet and the development of the economicglobalization, the research of the virtual currency--about the nature, the influences onthe micro-economic development--can offer essential guidelines for theestablishment and implementation of the country's development strategy andmonetary policy. Whereas the study of foreign country cases, as conducted in thisarticle, which helps summarize the development trend and direction of virtualcurrency, can provide precious theoretical, as well as practical experiences for thoseLDCs to avoid the further expansion of the “digital divide” .

　　At present, the Chinese academicians' studies on the virtual currency havearrived at very different conclusions. Some regard virtual currency as the scourge,while others consider it no future. All these views share a common premise that theyjudge virtual currency by a mature monetary standard, or even by the credit currencystandards of the reality. Therefore, to analyze and discuss related issues, this articleclassifies virtual currency into two categories--elementary virtual currency andadvanced virtual currency, which is conducive to conduct an objective analysis of thedevelopment and future of virtual currency.

　　This article takes the Internet-based virtual currency as a study object to discussits influences on micro economy. The discussion is based on the status-quo, whichincludes the problems in the development of the virtual currency on the current stage,and also looks to the future, which discusses prospects and related issues of virtualcurrency.

　　The full text is divided into four parts, including six chapters. The first partintroduces the purpose and significance of this article, and points out that thetheoretical and practical value of the study. It clearly defines the concept of virtualcurrency, and distinguishes the two stages in the development of virtual currency.

　　From several different points of view, it points out the distinction and relationbetween the virtual currency and the traditional currency, as well as between thevirtual currency and the electronic currency. The nature of the virtual currency issummed up in this part. Through the study of domestic payment environment, thesecond part of this article finds out the primary reasons for the presence of the virtualcurrency. It introduces and analyzes domestic and foreign development of the virtualcurrency. The third part includes the chapter IV and V, which are the main part ofthis article. It discusses the microeconomic implication of the virtual currency fromthe viewpoint of the network economics. Adopting the “cost - income” method, itanalyzes the influences of Internet-based virtual currency on micro-economy. Thefourth part introduces the presence of virtual bank for the virtual currency, gives abrief summary of this article, and points out that the future of the virtual currency isreunification.

　　Through the study of the network externality of the virtual currency, this articlediscusses the microeconomics' implications of virtual currency, and concludes thatusing virtual currency is a better solution to “network congestion”. Because of thedemand on information exchange and the impact of information interaction,information develops towards substantiation. Therefore, the virtual currency can notonly promote the further development of electronic commerce in the economic field,but also serve as the foundation for the large-scale virtual economy entity in the fieldof the economic research, which can accomplish large-scale economic tests at lowercost. It can set up an ideal platform for academic research experiments.

　　Applying the “cost - income” method to study the influences of virtualcurrencies on micro-economy, this article reaches the following conclusions: Afterpaying relatively large fixed costs, the virtual currency issuers can benefit fromeconomies of scale and the network effects in the long-term. The companies thataccept the payment in elementary virtual currency can increase their sellingopportunities which are brought by the size of the elementary virtual currencynetwork, so that they could achieve the implementation of the micropayments andhigh-frequency transactions. The virtual currency can complete the payment system,improve the efficiency of the economy, and promote faster economic development.

　　Based on the analysis in this article, the influences of the virtual currency on acountry's micro-economy emerge gradually, but the intensity of the influences ongrowth varies from countries to countries. Because the elementary virtual currency isissued mainly by the non-financial institutions and enterprises, and the rapiddevelopment of the virtual currency is the emerging phenomenon in the last twoyears, it is very difficult to collect relevant data. Therefore, the article fails to provideempirical examinations with an econometric model to analyze the relationshipbetween the issue of the elementary virtual currency and business operations.

　　Keywords: virtual currency; network externality; online payment system;influences on micro-economy; real economy
 

　　目录

　　第 1 章 导论

　　1.1 研究目的与意义

　　1.2 相关文献综述

　　1.3 本文结构

　　1.4 创新与不足

　　第 2 章 虚拟货币的概念界定

　　2.1 虚拟货币的定义

　　2.1.1 虚拟货币的概念

　　2.1.2 虚拟货币的特征

　　2.2 虚拟货币与现实货币的区别与联系

　　2.2.1 虚拟货币与现实货币的区别

　　2.2.2 虚拟货币与现实货币的联系

　　2.3 初级虚拟货币与电子货币的区别与联系

　　2.3.1 初级虚拟货币与电子货币的区别

　　2.3.2 初级虚拟货币与电子货币的联系

　　2.4 虚拟货币的性质

　　第 3 章 初级虚拟货币的产生与发展

　　3.1 初级虚拟货币的产生与发展

　　3.1.1 我国当前的支付环境及存在问题

　　3.1.2 初级虚拟货币产生的原因

　　3.2 初级虚拟货币的发展现状分析

　　3.2.1 国内初级虚拟货币的发展分析

　　3.2.2 国外初级虚拟货币的发展分析

　　第 4 章 虚拟货币的微观经济意义

　　4.1 网络外部性

　　4.2 虚拟货币与“网络拥堵”

　　4.3 初级虚拟货币对电子商务的影响

　　4.4 初级虚拟货币与经济研究

　　第 5 章 初级虚拟货币对微观经济主体的影响

　　5.1 初级虚拟货币的对发行者的影响

　　5.1.1 初级虚拟货币的发行成本

　　5.1.2 初级虚拟货币的发行收入

　　5.1.3 初级虚拟货币和其它电子货币的发行分析

　　5.2 初级虚拟货币对第三方商家的影响

　　5.2.1 第三方接受初级虚拟货币支付的成本

　　5.2.2 第三方接受初级虚拟货币支付的收入

　　5.3 小结

　　第 6 章 虚拟货币的发展方向

　　6.1 虚拟货币零售银行

　　6.2 虚拟货币的统一将是未来的发展方向

　　参考文献

　　致 谢