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¡¡¡¡Abstract£º¡¡Wilder is a famous American mathematician who contributed a great deal in the field of topology research.Affected by his interest and study in anthropology,he tried to apply the method of cultural anthropology research to the history of mathematics when he started the philosophical thinking on mathematical basis problem.He looked mathematics as a sub-cultural system in the whole human cultural system and described the mathematical development from the beginning to modern times as a natural process of culture evolution.He revealed the driving forces and laws of mathematics evolution and his thoughts on mathematics evolution were reviewed by many famous mathematicians,philosophers,historians and anthropologists.It would be very inspiring to study the Wilder's theory for our research on the history of mathematics.
¡¡¡¡Keyword£º¡¡Wilder; history of mathematics; mathematical evolution;
¡¡¡¡À×Ãɵ··Ò×˹·»³¶ûµÂ(Raymond Louis Wilder)ÊÇÃÀ¹ú×ÅÃûÍØÆËѧ¼Ò,ÔøÈÎÃÀ¹ú¹ú¼Ò¿ÆѧԺԺʿ¡¢ÃÀ¹úÊýѧ»áÖ÷ϯºÍÃÀ¹úÊýѧлáÖ÷ϯ.1950Äê,ÔÚµÚ11½ìÊÀ½çÊýѧ¼Ò´ó»áÉÏ,»³¶ûµÂµÄ±¨¸æÌâΪ“ÊýѧµÄÎÄ»¯»ù´¡”[1],Ï£Íû´ó¼ÒÄÜ´ÓÎÄ»¯µÄÊÓ½ÇÀ´Àí½âÊýѧÕâÃÅѧ¿Æ.Ö±ÖÁ1982ÄêËûÈ¥ÊÀÇ°,Ò»Ö±ÓÃÎÄ»¯ÈËÀàѧµÄ˼Ïë²ûÊöÊýѧµÄ½ø»¯Ê·,±¾ÎĽ«¼òÒªÐðÊöËûµÄÊýѧ¸ÅÄî½ø»¯ÂÛ˼Ïë,ÒÔ¼°Ïà¹ØѧÕ߶ÔÆä˼ÏëµÄÆÀÊö.
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¡¡¡¡ÃÀ¹ú×ÅÃûÊýѧʷ¼Ò˹ÌØÂåÒÁ¿ËÖ¸³ö,´ÓÎÄ»¯ÊӽǶÔÊýѧµÄµØλ¼°Æä·¢Õ¹,ÒÔ¼°Æä´ÓÒ»¸öÎÄ»¯ÏòÁíÒ»¸öÎÄ»¯´«²¥µÄÑо¿»¹ºÜÉÙ.»³¶ûµÂµÄÑо¿´ÓÎÄ»¯Ñ§µÄ¹Ûµã¶àÓÚ´ÓÐÄÀíѧµÄ¹Ûµã,¾¡¹ÜÈËÃÇÒÑÊì֪һЩÅÓ¼ÓÀ³ºÍ°¢´ïÂêµÈÏÖ´úÊýѧ¼ÒµÄÌض¨¹Ûµã.¸ÃÊ齫»áÒýÆðÀúʷѧ¼Ò¡¢ÎÄ»¯ÈËÀàѧ¼ÒµÄÐËȤ,ÒÔ¼°ÖÐѧÊýѧÀÏʦµÄÐËȤ.˹ÌØÂåÒÁ¿Ë½«×Ô¼ºµÄ¹ÛµãÓ뻳¶ûµÂ×öÁ˱ȽÏ,»³¶ûµÂ³Æ֮Ϊ»·¾³Ñ¹Á¦µÄÒòËØ,¾ÍÊÇËû×Ô¼ºÔø¾Ç¿µ÷µÄÉç»á¾¼ÃºÍÕþÖÎÒòËØ,ÒÔ¼°Ëû×Ô¼ºÒ²ÔøÀàËƵÄÌÖÂÛ¹ý“¸ÅÀ¨”ºÍ“³éÏó”ÒòËØ.ËûͬÒ⻳¶ûµÂµÄ¹Ûµã: ¾¡¹Ü¸ö±ðÊýѧ¼ÒµÄ¹ÛµãÈÏΪ,ÎÄ»¯ÖÐÊýѧµÄ¹¦ÄÜÊÇÒ»ÃÅ»ù´¡¿Æѧ,ÕýÈçÈËÃÇËù¼ûµ½µÄÊýѧ¶ÔÆäËû¿ÆѧµÄÖ§³Å,µ«ÊýѧµÄÈËÎÄ·½Ãæ¿ÉÄܸüÖØÒª.ÎÞÂÛÈçºÎ,ÕâÊÇÒ»±¾·Ç³£ÓÐÓÃҲдµÃºÜºÃµÄÊé,ÍƼö¸øÄÇЩϲ»¶Êýѧʷ²¢ÏëÖªµÀÊýѧ¼ÒΪʲôÑо¿ÊýѧµÄÈËÔĶÁ[12].
¡¡¡¡ÃÀ¹úÎÄ»¯ÈËÀàѧ¼Ò¡¢ÎÄ»¯½ø»¯Â۵Ĵú±íÐÔÈËÎïÈûά˹ÈÏΪ,»³¶ûµÂµÄÊéʵÏÖÁ˱»ÓþΪÏÖ´úÈËÀàѧ֮¸¸µÄÓ¢¹úÈËÀàѧ¼Ò°®µÂ»ª·Ì©ÀÕ¹ØÓÚÈËÀàѧ¾ßÓпçѧ¿ÆʵÓÃÐÔµÄÓÐÒæ³¢ÊÔ,ÔÚËûµÄÊýѧ¼Ò´ó»áÑݽ²ºÍºóÐø¼¸ÆªÎÄÕµĻù´¡ÉÏÐγÉÁË“ÊýѧÈËÀàѧ”µÄÑо¿.»³¶ûµÂÒÔËû×Ô¼º¶ÀÌصķ½Ê½ÌÖÂÛÁËÊýѧµÄ½ø»¯,רҵ»¯Ê±´úµÄʵ¼ùÓ¦Óü°ÊýѧÓëÆäËûѧ¿ÆµÄ¹Øϵ,ÖØÒªµÄÊÇ»³¶ûµÂÊÇ»ùÓÚÒ»°ãÎÄ»¯½ø»¯µÄÊӽdzö·¢µÄ.Õâ±¾ÊéÓ¦¸ÃÒýÆð¸ü¹ã·ºµÄ¶ÁÕßÐËȤ.һλְҵÊýѧ¼ÒÀûÓÃÆä¶ÔÈËÀàѧµÄÐËȤ,ΪÊýѧÀíÂÛдÁËÒ»¸ö¶Àµ½µÄ½éÉÜ,Ëü½«ÎüÒýÈκÎÒ»¸öÊܹýÊýѧѵÁ·µÄ¶ÁÕß.Èûά˹ָ³ö,×Ô¼º×÷Ϊһ¸öÖ°ÒµµÄÈËÀàѧ¼Ò,ÔÚÊýѧ·½Ãæ²¢²»×¨Òµ,µ«Õâ±¾ÊéÎüÒýÁËËûµÄ×¢ÒâÁ¦²¢½Ì»áËûºÜ¶à,´øÀ´ÒâÍâµÄ¾ªÏ².Õâ±¾Êé¿ÉÒÔÍƼö¸øÈËÀàѧ¼Ò(ÎÞÂÛËûÊýѧˮƽÈçºÎ),»³¶ûµÂµÄ¹¤×÷Ç¡ÈçÌ©ÀÕ¶ÔÈËÀàѧÆÀÊöµÄÄÇÑù[13].
¡¡¡¡ÆÕÁÖ˹¶Ù´óѧÀúʷϵ¿ÆѧʷÑо¿·½ÏòµÄÂí°ÂÄá½ÌÊÚÈÏΪ,Õâ±¾Êé¼ÈÄÜʹÊýѧʷ¼Ò¸Ðµ½Õñ·ÜÓÖÁîÈ˾ÚÉ¥.ÁîÈËÕñ·ÜµÄÊÇ»³¶ûµÂ´ÓÉî¿Ì¶´²ìµÄ³Ðŵ¿ªÊ¼,ËûÖ¸³öÊýѧÊÇÈËÀà×Ô¼ºµÄ´´Ôì,ÕâÖÖÊýѧÀàÐͺÍÈËÀàÈκÎÆäËûÊÊÓ¦»úÖÆÒ»Ñù,¶¼Êǵ±Ê±ÎÄ»¯ÐèÇóµÄº¯Êý.µ«ºóÀ´»³¶ûµÂȴûÄÜʵÏÖÕâÒ»³Ðŵ,ÏÔÈ»ÊÇÒòΪ×÷ÕßûÓÐÈÏʶµ½×Ô¼ºÂÛµãµÄÉî¿ÌÐÔ.»³¶ûµÂËäÈ»³¢ÊÔÁË“Êý”¸ÅÄîµÄÎÄ»¯Ê·Ñо¿,ÏêϸµÄ¶Ô¹ÅÏ£À°¼¸ºÎÔÚËÜÔìÎ÷·½Êýѧ˼άϰ¹ßÖеÄ×÷ÓýøÐÐÁËÉóÊÓ,µ«Î´ÄÜÈÃÅúÅеĶÁÕßÂúÒâ,²¿·ÖÔÒòÊÇÓÐЩÊýѧÀúÊ·µÄÄÚÈݲ»¶Ï³åÍ».»³¶ûµÂºöÊÓÁËËû×Å×÷µÄÖ÷Ö¼,¼´Èç¹ûÊýѧÄÜ·´Éä³öÎÄ»¯,ÄÇôÀúʷѧ¼ÒÓ¦¸ÃÔÚÆäÎÄ»¯±³¾°Ï¶ԴýÒÔÍùµÄÊýѧ.¶ø×÷ÕßƵ·±µØºöÊÓÀúÊ··ÖÎö,×ÜÊdzÁÄçÓÚ“Èç¹û”µÄ»ÃÏëÀï,Èç¹û°Í±ÈÂ×ÈËÕâô×ö,Èç¹ûÏ£À°ÈËÕâô×ö,µÈµÈ.ÕâÖÖÍƲâ½öÄÜÌṩ΢СµÄÀúÊ·¶´¼û,ÇÒÖÆÔ¼ÁË×÷Õ߶Ô×Ô¼º¹ÛµãµÄÕýÈ·»Ø´ð.²»¶ÏµØÖظ´¶Ô“ʵÎÞÇķ´¶Ô,³ÂÊö¿µÍеÄÊýÀíÂÛ,ºÃÏñ½ñÌìËùÓеÄÊýѧ¼Ò¶¼Í¬ÒâËƵÄ.Õâ±¾ÊéΪÊýѧʷָ³öÁËÒ»ÌõºÜºÃµÄµÀ·,µ«Ò²½ö½öÊÇÖ¸³öµÀ·¶øÒÑ[14].
¡¡¡¡ÃÀ¹úʥĸ´óѧ¿ÆѧʷÓëÕÜѧ½ÌÊÚ¿ËÂåÒ²Ôø̽ÌÖ¹ýÊýѧÀúÊ·ÑݱäµÄ“Ê®Ìõ¹æÂÉ”[15],1974Äê8ÔÂ7ÈÕÖÁ9ÈÕ,ÃÀ¹úÒÕÊõÓë¿ÆѧѧԺÔÚÂíÈøÖîÈûÖݾٰì“ÏÖ´úÊýѧµÄ½ø»¯”¹¤×÷·»,¿ËÂåÒ²Ñݽ²ÁËÏà¹ØµÄÄÚÈÝ[16].ÔÚÕâ´Î»áÉÏ,ÃÀ¹úÅ®Êýѧ¼Ò¿ÆÅå¶ûÂüÒ²¸ø³öÁËÀàËƵēÊýѧµÄÁù¸öÀúÊ·½ø³Ì”[17].¿ËÂåºóÀ´ÔøÕë¶Ô»³¶ûµÂÒ»ÊéÌá³öµÄÊýѧ½ø»¯¹æÂÉÈô¸ÉÌõ½øÐÐÁËÖÊÒÉ,°üÀ¨½ø»¯“¶¯Á¦”Ò»´ÊµÄ±¾Öʺ¬Òå,ÒÔ¼°¸÷Ìõ½ø»¯¹æÂÉÖдÊÓïµÄʹÓõÈÎÊÌâ.µ±È»,ËûÒ²ÌáÐѶÁÕß,²»ÒªÒòΪÉÏÊöÅúÅÐÐÔÆÀÂ۾ʹíÎóµÄÈÏΪ»³¶ûµÂµÄÊé²»ÖµµÃÑÏËà¶Ô´ý,Õâ±¾Êé²»½öÊǽÌʦµÄ³öÉ«Êýѧʷ¹¤¾ßÊé,¶øÇÒÊÇËùÓд´ÔìÐÔµÄÊýѧʷ¼Ò±ØÐëÃæ¶Ô²¢½«´ÓÖлñÒæµÄÒ»±¾Êé[18].»³¶ûµÂ¶Ô´Ë¸ø³öÁË»ý¼«µÄ»ØÓ¦,Ç¿µ÷ÁËËûËùÔËÓõē¶¯Á¦”Ò»´ÊÊÇ“ÎÄ»¯½ø»¯ÂÛ”ÖеĸÅÄî,¶¼ÊÇÈËÀàѧ¼ÒʹÓõĴÊÓï.»³¶ûµÂÖðÌõ¶ÔÆäÖÊÒɽøÐÐÁ˱粵,²¢ÈÏΪÔÚһЩ¹æÂÉÉ϶þÈ˵ÄÒâ˼´óÖÂÏàͬ,µ«¶Ô¿ËÂå³ÆËûΪһ¸ö“ʵÓÃÖ÷ÒåÕß”,»³¶ûµÂÈÏΪ×Ô¼ºÍ¬Ê±Ò²ÊǸö“¸ÅÄîÖ÷ÒåÕß”,»òÕ߸üÔ¸Ò⽫×Ô¼º¶¨ÎªÒ»¸ö“ÎÄ»¯½ø»¯Ö÷ÒåÕß”[19].
¡¡¡¡²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×
¡¡¡¡[1] Wilder R L.The cultural basis of mathematics [C]// Graves L M,Smith P A,Hille E,et al.Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians,Cambridge,Massachusetts,U S A.August 30-September 6,1950.Vol 1,Providence,American Mathematical Society,1952:258-271.
¡¡¡¡[2] Wilder R L.The origin and growth of mathematical concepts [J].Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society,1953(59):423-448.
¡¡¡¡[3] Wilder R L.Evolution of mathematical concepts:An elementary study [M].New York:Wiley & Sons,Inc,1968:2-100.
¡¡¡¡[4] Wilder R L.The role of intuition [J].Science.New series,1967(156):605-610.
¡¡¡¡[5] Wilder R L.History in the mathematics curriculum:Its status,quality and function [J].The American Mathematical Monthly,1972(79):479-495.
¡¡¡¡[6] Wilder R L.Note on the evolution of pure mathematics (unpublished) [M]// Raymond Louis Wilder Papers,1914-1982,Archives of American Mathematics,Dolph Briscoe Center for American History,University of Texas at Austin.Box 86-36/15.
¡¡¡¡[7] Wilder R L.Evolution of the topological concept of “connected” [J].The American Mathematical Monthly,1978,85(9):720-726.
¡¡¡¡[8] Wilder R L.Mathematics as a Cultural System [M].New York:Peragmon Press,1981:85.
¡¡¡¡[9] Johnson D A.Book review of evolution of mathematical concepts:An elementary study [J].The Arithmetic Teacher,1969,16(6):500-501.
¡¡¡¡[10] Broadbent T A A.Book review of evolution of mathematical concepts:An elementary study [J].The Mathematical Gazette,1970,54(387):70.
¡¡¡¡[11] Boyer C B.Book review of evolution of mathematical concepts:An elementary study [J].Science,1969,163(3869):799.
¡¡¡¡[12] Struik D J.Book review of evolution of mathematical concepts:An elementary study [J].The American Mathematical Monthly,1969,76(4):428-429.
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¡¡¡¡[14] Mahoney M S.Book review of evolution of mathematical concepts:An elementary study [J].American Scientist,1969,57(4):348A.
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