【摘要】：随着城市交通的发展及私家车的普及，加上大量的“新手”上路，城市中交通事故的数量及增速，呈逐年上升的态势。相应地，道路交通事故人身损害赔偿案件的数量及增速也逐年上升。当受害人因这种侵权行为死亡或致残时，不但其本人遭受身体上和精神上的打击，受其扶养的人不但因失去亲人遭受精神痛苦，而且遭受一定的扶养损失，即被扶养人因扶养人死亡或致残导致生活费减少。虽然相关法律及司法解释在保障被扶养人权益时做了规定，但在规定被扶养人生活费时，对被扶养人的范围、如何确定被扶养人、被扶养人生活费赔偿的标准及计算方法等问题上规定的不够明确，尚无统一的标准，审判实践中常常出现法院之间同案不同判、同命不同价的裁判结果，已备受社会各界关注。
根据司法解释的规定，被扶养人的范围很广，既包括受害人扶养的未成年人，也包括受害人扶养的丧失劳动能力又无其他生活来源的成年近亲属，这里的近亲属又有其一定的范围。当受害人因侵权行为死亡时，根据相关法律规定，受其扶养的近亲属除有权继受受害人的权利外，还有自己的权利，即获得被扶养人生活费的权利，也就是被扶养人损害赔偿权。
被扶养人要想获得被扶养人生活费，按照司法解释的规定，受害人的成年近亲属，除了要证明自己丧失劳动能力外，还要证明无其他生活来源。丧失劳动能力需有劳动鉴定部门出具的鉴定结论，无其他生活来源应是指被扶养人自身无任何生活来源或者依靠被扶养人本人的生活来源不能维持基本生活。对于其他成年近亲属，需提供相应的证明无可厚非，但对于受害人的父母来说，因其存在法定的扶养关系，不应对受害人的父母有所限制，受害人的父母在任何情况下，都应是被扶养人，都应获得扶养生活费。
在确定被扶养人生活费时，要考虑受害人丧失劳动能力的程度，这要以受害人的伤残等级评定作为标准，但伤残等级与丧失劳动能力程度之间不存在对应关系，主要是看伤残程度是否导致劳动能力丧失，是否导致实际收入的必然减少。只有构成伤残，并且收入减少的情况下，支持被扶养人生活费才是合情合理合法的。
在计算被扶养人生活费时应以扶养人的身份来确定赔偿标准和计算依据，而不应以被扶养人的身份来确定赔偿标准和计算依据。
【关键词】：被扶养人；扶养损害赔偿；伤残等级；赔偿标准
Abstract：With the development of urban transportation and the popularity disable in caraccidents, their dependents suffer losses of living expenses as well as the greatphysical pain or mental anguish. However,the rules about the scope of dependents,the standard of living expenses or the method of calculation etc are not so clear andaccurate in tihe relevant law and judicial interpretation. What is more, there is nouniform standard. Recently,some inconsequent cases are paid more and moreattention, in which the same case has different results and the same life securesdifferent payments.
According to the judicial interpretation, there is a wide range of dependents,including both the minor dependents and the adult close relatives who have no otherliving source. When the victims died in car accidents, the dependents have their ownrights to claim living expenses,as well as the right to substitute for the victims.
To get living expenses, adult close relatives of the victims have the burden toprove that they are unable to work and have no other living resources. It is necessaryof the adult dependents to obtain the Expert Conclusion by the labor department. Forthe adult dependents, to have no other living resources means to have no livingresources at all or to have few resources to live. It is natural and understandable forthe adult dependents to have the above burden of proof. However,it is unnecessaryfor the parents of the victims. In any case, the parents of the victims are thedependents and have rights to claim living expenses.
Both the ability of work and the disables grade should be considered todetermine the living expenses. Disables grade does not depend only on the ability ofwork and vice verse. Only under circumstances of both the victim's disability andthe dependents' reduction in income, to pay living expenses is reasonable andlegitimate.
To determine living expenses, the identity of the supporter rather than thesupported should be the basis of compensation standards.
Keywords: Dependents; Injure and Compensation; Disables grade; Standard ofcompensation
返回本篇论文目录查看全文 下一章：引言
