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镉对机体的毒性与免疫影响(3)

来源:学术堂 作者:朱老师
发布于:2016-10-20 共9802字
3 镉对免疫的影响机理
  
  镉是一种广泛存在的工业污染物,可造成环境中水、空气和土壤的严重污染,并易在动物体内蓄积。大量研究表明,镉对动物机体具有广泛的损伤作用,尤其是免疫系统。镉引起淋巴细胞内Ca2 +增加异常,同时影响了Ca2 +活性,干扰淋巴细胞活化过程[56],影响小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞中效应T细胞、B细胞和巨噬细胞免疫[57 ~ 59],导致小鼠的免疫球蛋白Ig G、Ig M和Ig E含量下降,CD4+T淋巴细胞亚群减少,CD4+/ CD8+T淋巴细胞的比值下降(P < 0. 05)造成小鼠体液免疫和细胞免疫功能的损伤[60],Han-son等[61]研究发现,将怀孕的SPF小鼠置于镉浓度为10 mg /kg的环境中,子代小鼠脾脏中巨噬细胞数量显着下降,IL - 2、IL - 4、IFN - γ表达量明显减少,甚至损伤脾淋巴细胞DNA[62].镉能引起红细胞损伤。Kondera等[63]研究发现,镉干扰鱼红细胞运输功能,甚至引起红细胞破裂,降低巨噬细胞活性,造成非特异免疫系统的变化。镉还能通过诱发机体循环免疫复合物含量增多,使红细胞C3b受体空位被占据,造成红细胞IC花环率升高红细胞C3bR花环率下降,影响红细胞膜活性,致使膜上C3bR受损,黏附能力降低或消失,使红细胞的免疫功能受到较为严重损伤[64].同时,对体外培养人体T、B淋巴细胞的增殖、存活能力均能产生直接抑制作用,镉可刺激SD大鼠脾淋巴细胞膜上β -肾上腺素能受体密度增加,上调淋巴细胞内环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monomphsopate,c AMP) ,抑制淋巴细胞增殖功能,增加CD4+/ CD8+T淋巴细胞亚群比值,降低CD8+T淋巴细胞绝对值。镉抑制巨噬细胞吞噬功能[65].曹友军等[66]的研究结果表 明,25μmol / L镉可引起自然杀伤细胞(NK) 活性降低,且有明显的剂量反应关系,说明镉在体外对NK功能有抑制作用。镉具有诱发人外周血淋巴细胞(PBL)姊妹染色单体交换(SCE) 频率增加的作用[67].镉通过Caspase( 含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶)依赖和Caspase独立途径诱导胸腺细胞凋亡[68].
  
  4 展望
  
  大量实验表明,镉对生物体的毒效应作用研究取得了一定的进展,但有些毒性作用机理并不清楚,而镉的实验动物有胎生与卵生,对于同一组织、器官、系统,镉的毒性作用机理是否相同,这些都需要进一步的研究。
  
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