摘 要
随着生态环境恶化、气候变暖、全球能源浪费等问题的层出不穷，碳排放问题越来越引起国内外学者的广泛关注。在不久前闭幕的巴黎气候会中，又一次强调了温室气体排放和高碳排放能源大量使用的危害，希望各国能共同采取措施控制气候变暖。酒店作为旅游业的“碳排放大户”,如何通过科学有效的措施来降低能源消耗和减少温室气体排放，从而提高能源利用效率和碳排放效率已经迫在眉睫，亟需引起广大学者的关注。因此，研究酒店碳排放效率和低碳路径意义重大。
首先，本文以酒店建筑面积、客房数和从业人员数作为投入指标，以酒店消耗的主要能源和资源，即酒店每年耗水量、耗电量和秏煤量作为产出指标，利用数据包络分析方法测算景区 28 家酒店 2014 年的碳排放效率。结果表明：（1）规模效率与纯技术效率相对较高，且规模效率水平略高于纯技术效率水平；技术效率水平总体偏低。（2）发展处于规模收益递增阶段、规模收益递减阶段和规模收益不变阶段的酒店数基本持平。（3）比较纯技术效率和规模效率对技术效率的贡献可知，纯技术效率对技术效率的影响，略大于规模效率的影响。
其次，结合双向指示种分析和典范对应分析研究了 7 种重要指标对不同酒店类型以及三种效率类型的影响程度。结果表明：（1）利用 28 家酒店的技术效率、规模效率和纯技术效率值组成 28×3 维的数据矩阵，运用双向指示种分析可将 28家酒店划分为四类，第Ⅰ组属于碳排放效率完全型酒店，第Ⅱ组属于碳排放效率较高型酒店，第Ⅲ组属于纯技术效率最低型酒店，第Ⅳ组属于规模效率最低型酒店。（2）然后结合酒店耗水量、耗电量、耗煤量、注册资本、建筑面积、从业人数和客房数 7 种指标值组成 28×7 维的数据矩阵，进行 CCA 分析可发现，沿第二象限和第四象限的对角线，酒店碳排放效率的类型在由纯技术效率最低的第Ⅲ组酒店逐步向规模效率最低的第Ⅳ组酒店、碳排放效率较高的第Ⅱ组酒店、碳排放效率完全的第Ⅰ组酒店过渡的过程中，酒店碳排放效率逐步增大。（3）第Ⅱ组酒店的影响指标不明显；第Ⅲ组中的 7 家酒店需要在耗煤量、耗水量、耗电量和注册资本上下功夫；另外 2 家酒店和第Ⅳ组中的酒店主要需要在酒店客房数、从业人员数和建筑面积上作出调整。
最后，利用数学统计方法和问卷调查分析研究其它相关影响因素对酒店碳排放效率和碳排放量的影响。结果表明：（1）酒店的碳排放效率与碳排放量之间存在关系，但不明显，即较高的能源效率并不等同于较低的碳排放量。但一定意义上，提高碳排放效率却有利于降低碳排放量。（2）从对酒店经营碳排放过程存在问题的调查研究中可以得出以下一些结论：第一，景区大多酒店都意识到节能减排的重要性，但由于企业资金限制、短期成本提高以及客流量影响等多方面原因，较少有酒店采取了切实而有效地低碳措施。第二，在一些投入较低的低碳设施上，不同等级规模酒店间并无大的区别。
目前，对于酒店碳排放效率的研究相当欠缺，而关于五台山景区酒店碳排放效率的研究更是空白，这也是本文的一大创新之处；但同时由于前期研究的不成熟，本文在诸多方面尚存在缺陷，有待于进一步完善。
关键词：碳排放效率，技术效率，纯技术效率，规模效率，影响因素
ABSTRACT
As ecological deterioration,climate change,global energy waste problems emergein endlessly,carbon emissions is more and more aroused wide attention of scholars athome and abroad. In the recently concluded climate conference in Paris,the greenhousegas emissions and the harm of high carbon energy use was stressed once again.It hopeall the countries to jointly take measures to control climate change.As hotel was “bigcarbon emissions enterprise” of tourism,how to use scientific and effective measures toreduce the energy consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions,so as to improvethe efficiency of energy efficiency and carbon emissions,is imminent.It needs to causethe attention of many scholars.So the study of the hotel efficiency and low carbonemissions path is of great significance.
First,this paper takes the hotel buildings area, rooms and staff number as inputindicators,and the main hotel consumption energy and resources,such as the annualwater consumption,power consumption and coal consumption,as output indicators.
Then it uses DEA model to calculate the carbon emissions efficiency of 28 hotels in2014.The results show that:（1）Pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency is relativelyhigh,and pure technical efficiency level is slightly higher than the scale efficiencylevel;technical efficiency is low.（2）The number of the hotel in the stage of increasingreturn to scale,the scale of diminishing returns and constant return to scale were littlechanged.（3）In the contribution of decomposition efficiency to the overall efficiency,thepure technical efficiency' influence to the technical efficiency is slightly bigger than theeffect of the scale efficiency to technical efficiency.
Second,two-way indicator species analysis and model combining correspondenceanalysis are used to study the influence of the seven important index to different kindsof hotel the three types of efficiency.Results show that:（1）It uses technical efficiency,pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of 28 hotels to constitute a value of 28 x 3d data matrix,and uses two-way indicator species analysis to divide 28 hotels into fourcategories,hotels of the Ⅰ group belongs to the carbon efficiency completely hotel,thehotels of the Ⅱ group have high carbon efficiency,the Ⅲ group's pure technicalefficiency is the lowest,and the Ⅳ group's scale efficiency is the lowest.（2）Thencombined with the hotel water,electricity,coal consumption,registered capital,buildingarea,and the number of rooms and workers to constitute a index of 28 x 7 d datamatrix.According to Canonical Correspondence Analysis,it can find that:as the diagonalof the second quadrant and the fourth quadrant,the type of hotel carbon efficiencytransforms the pure technical efficiency with the lowest first Ⅲ group gradually to thehotel of the Ⅳ group hotel whose scale efficient is least,and transforms the high carbonemissions efficiency of the first Ⅱ group hotel to the complete carbon efficiency of thefirst Ⅰ group hotel.The hotel carbon efficiency increases gradually.（3）The influenceindex of the first group Ⅱ hotel is not obvious; The first seven hotels in Ⅲ group needto adjust coal consumption, water consumption,power consumption, and registeredcapital;The other 2 hotels and the hotels in Ⅳ group mainly need to adjust hotelrooms,staff number and construction area.
Finally,It uses the method of mathematical statistics and questionnaire analysis tostudy other related influencing factors of the hotel carbon efficiency and carbonemissions.Results show that:（1）The relationship between the hotel's carbon emissionsefficiency and the carbon emissions is not obvious.The higher energy efficiency is notthe same as low carbon emissions,but by improving the efficiency of carbon emissionsis beneficial to reducing carbon emissions.（2）From the study about the problems existedin the process of hotel management of carbon emissions in the investigation,it can drawthe following conclusion:firstly,the mostly hotels in scenic spot are aware of theimportance of energy conservation and emissions reduction,but owing to the rise in thecost of enterprise capital limited,short-term and traffic influence etc.,only a few hotelstaking effectively low carbon measures.Secondly,on some lower low carboninfrastructure,there is no big difference between different rating scale of the hotel.
At present,the study of the carbon efficiency is lacking for the hotel, and the studyof the carbon emissions efficiency in wutai mountain scenic area is blank,which is agreat innovation of this article;Immature,but at the same time,due to previous studies isstill flawed,this paper remains to be further improved in many respects.
Keywords:Carbon emissions efficiency,Technical efficiency,Pure technicalefficiency,Scale efficiency,affecting factors
目录
摘 要
ABSTRACT
第 1 章 绪论
1.1 选题背景
1.2 研究意义
1.2.1 理论意义
1.2.2 现实意义
1.3 文献综述
1.3.1 国外研究综述
1.3.2 国内研究综述
1.4 研究方法与技术路线
1.4.1 研究方法
1.4.2 技术路线图
第 2 章 低碳旅游相关理论
2.1 低碳旅游理论
2.2 旅游碳排放理论
2.2.1 碳排放相关概念
2.2.2 旅游碳排放
2.3 旅游碳排放效率理论
2.3.1 生产前沿面的界定
2.3.2 旅游碳排放效率的定义
第 3 章 指标体系选择与研究实施
3.1 投入产出指标与样本选择
3.1.1 指标选取遵循原则
3.1.2 投入产出指标体系的选择
3.1.3 数据来源与数据描述
3.2 研究实施
3.2.1 研究区概况
3.2.2 研究实施过程
第 4 章 酒店碳排放效率的测算
4.1 引言
4.2 研究方法
4.2.1 DEA 方法的基本原理
4.2.2 传统 DEA 模型
4.3 结果分析
4.3.1 酒店碳排放效率计算结果
4.3.2 发展阶段特征
4.3.3 分组分布特征
4.3.4 分解效率对技术效率的贡献
第 5 章 酒店碳排放效率的典范对应分析
5.1 引言
5.2 研究方法
5.3 结果分析
5.3.1 TWINSPAN 结果
5.3.2 CCA 结果
第 6 章 酒店碳排放影响因素分析
6.1 引言
6.2 研究方法
6.3 结果分析
6.3.1 酒店碳排放量估算及结果分析
6.3.2 酒店经营与管理存在的碳排放问题分析
第 7 章 结论与建议
7.1 结论
7.1.1 关于酒店碳排放效率的测算
7.1.2 关于酒店碳排放效率的典范对应分析
7.1.3 关于酒店碳排放的影响因素
7.2 建议
7.2.1 酒店碳排放效率的提升路径
7.2.2 酒店减少碳排放的措施
7.2.3 酒店碳补偿机制的构建
7.3 讨论
参考文献
致谢
