摘 要
目前大庆油田已进入油田开发的后期，随着二次采油、三次采油技术的不断发展应用，油田采出液含水量越来越高，采出液组成成分越来越复杂，经过原油生产处理后产生了大量的采油废水。目前大庆油田每年产生含油生产废水已超过41 亿立方米，通过污水回注，可减少污水对环境的污染，减少地表资源的消耗，具有良好的环境效益和经济效益。
油田污水成分复杂，既有较多的原油成分，又有无机离子、细菌、固体颗粒、硫化物等，还有在原油处理过程中所投加的破乳剂、絮凝剂和杀菌剂等化学药剂。
因此在污水回注前，必须采用处理技术对含油污水进行有效处理，目的是去除污水中的油份、悬浮固体及其他杂质，并对污水中的污油进行回收。
目前国际主要的污水处理方法有生物法、物理法、化学法、物理化学法等，单一方式污水处理效果往往不佳。在实际过程中将多种方法相结合，可克服各单一方法的局限性，使出水水质达到规范标准。气浮收油+微生物反应+固液分离+过滤己逐渐成为大庆油田污水处理的主流程。与其他工艺流程相比，在处理效果、投资成本、环境保护方面有较大的优势，是目前大庆油田比较理想和实用的含油污水处理工艺。近些年逐步发展成熟的陶瓷膜超滤技术目前已开始应用在大庆油田低渗透和特低渗透油藏的回注水处理，此技术可达到常规工艺处理工艺难以达到处理标准，但投资较大，运行成本高昂。
本文通过对多套不同污水处理工艺运行效果进行比较分析，对运行过程中的出水水质、运行经济效果进行数据整理和分析，结合含油污水关键影响因素，研究污水处理过程中的关键技术参数，实现运行参数的优化。对提高污水处理系统处理效果、降低运行成本提出合理建议。
关键词：
含油污水；处理工艺；对比；优化
Abstract
At present, Daqing oilfield has entered the last stage of oilfield exploitation.
With the development and application of the second and third oil productiontechnology, water found in crude oil increases a lot and the components of producedliquid become more and more complex. What's worse, after the processing of crudeoil a lot of wastewater is produced. Currently, wastewater caused by the production ofoil every year in Daqing oilfield has reached more than four billion and one hundredmillion cubic meters. Through the reinjection of , wastewater, less pollution is causedand the consumption of the surface water resource is reduced. Meanwhile economicand environmental benefits are brought in.
The components of wastewater are very complex, it includes crude oil , inorganicion, sulfide, bacteria, solid particles, demulsifier, flocculant ,bactericide and otherchemicals added in processing crude oil. So before the reinjection ,it is necessary forus to take effective measures to treat oily wastewater by using sewage treatmenttechnology. The purpose is to remove the oil, suspended solids and other impuritiesand recycle sewage oil.
The main sewage treatment methods include biological method, physical method,chemical method, physical and chemical method and so on, single treatment methodis often ineffective. In practice, the combination of a variety of methods whichovercomes the limitation of a single way can make the quality of the effluent reach thestandard. Gas bearing oil plus microbial reaction plus solid-liquid separation plusfiltration has become the main procedure of Daqing oilfield wastewater treatment.
Compared with other technological processes, it has great advantages in effectivetreatment, less costs of the investment and environmental protection. It is an ideal andpractical wastewater treatment technology in Daqing oil field. Recently a new andmature technology of ceramic membrane ultrafiltration for water injection has beenstarted to use in the low permeability and extra low permeability reservoir.Thistechnology can reach the conventional treating standard ,but the investment is largeand the operating cost is high.
This thesis compared and anylised the results of different wastewater treatmentmethods. Through the study of the quality of effluent water, the data analysis ofeconomic cost,consideration of the key influencing factors, combination of the keytechnical parameters during the processing treatment and the optimization ofoperating the parameters, this thesis has put forward reasonable suggestions onimproving the quality of wastewater treatment and reducing operating costs.
Key words:
oily wastewater, treatment technology, comparison,optimization
目 录
第一章 绪论
1.1 研究背景及意义
1.2 国内外污水处理研究进展
1.3 研究目标
1.4 研究内容
1.5 技术路线
第二章 油田污水处理要求
2.1 油田污水的特征及危害
2.1.1 油田污水的特征
2.1.2 油田污水对环境的危害
2.2 回注水的水质要求
2.2.1 注入水质的基本要求
2.2.2 注入水质的指标体系
2.2.3 回注水水质要求
第三章 大庆油田主要污水处理技术
3.1 气浮处理
3.1.1 气浮技术
3.1.2 气浮技术的影响因素
3.2 微生物反应
3.2.1 专性微生物的特点
3.2.2 专性微生物技术的应用条件
3.2.3 处理效果
3.3 滤罐过滤
3.3.1 核桃壳过滤器水处理的原理
3.3.2 核桃壳过滤器水处理的特点及存在的问题
3.4 陶瓷膜超滤
第四章 含油污水处理实例分析
4.1 三种处理工艺分析
4.1.1 喇 290 污水处理站
4.1.2 聚中 312 污水处理站
4.1.3 杏十五-1 污水处理站
4.2 三种处理工艺流程对比及优化
第五章 结论
5.1 结论
5.2 建议
参考文献
致 谢
