摘 要
铅冶炼已经导致河南省某些农田土壤重金属含量超标,并且威胁到农产品质量安全。本研究的主要目的是探讨河南省铅冶炼企业对土壤和小麦重金属含量的影响及铅冶炼污染土壤的植物修复方法。研究得出主要结果和结论有:
(1)对铅冶炼企业附近农田生长的 25 个小麦(Triticum aestivum Linn)品种的重金属含量的调查表明,25 个品种籽粒 Cd 和 16 个籽粒品种籽粒 Pb 都超过了食品卫生标准的最大容许含量(MPC)。小麦籽粒平均污染指数 MPI(籽粒中元素含量/MPC)在0.562-2.15,9 个品种的 MPI<1.0,这些品种是较为安全的小麦品种。对于 25 个籽粒品种的 MPI,As、Pb 和 Cd 含量在其中所占比例分别为 5.2%、40%和 54.8%.
(2)田间筛选对镉低积累的小麦品种的试验表明,在参与筛选的 100 个目标品种或品系中,相对于其他品种,洛麦 23、洛旱 6 号、新麦 26、百农 3217、08H277-18-7、平安 7 号、洛旱 8 号、淮 05155、西农 979、洛麦 24 和花培 1 号,这 11 个品种或品系对镉的积累量较低(变化范围为 0.147-0.185 mg·kg-1),平均值为 0.168 mg·kg-1.郑 103、周麦 23、华育 198、花培 3 号、百农 160、花培 8 号、新麦 2111、郑 119、周麦 18、郑102、周麦 11 和 FY189 是对镉积累较高的品种或品系,其籽粒镉含量范围是 0.301-0.383mg·kg-1,平均值为 0.327 mg·kg-1.假设当地一个体重 60 kg 的居民每天吃 500 g 小麦粉制品,分别食用洛麦 23 和 FY189 时,每周摄入的镉分别超过其每周可摄入镉量的 22%和 219%.
(3)在未污染潮土中加入 0.02 mol·kg-1的硝酸铅、硫酸铅或氧化铅(20oC 时在水中的溶解度分别为 520、0.0443 和 0.017 g·L-1),并加入 0.005 mol·kg-1的乙酸、苹果酸或柠檬酸,培养 100 d 后对土壤性质进行测定。结果表明,不同处理土壤 DTPA-Pb 含量的范围为 1100-2800 mg·kg-1,仅加硝酸铅处理的土壤 DTPA-Pb 含量显着高于仅加硫酸铅或氧化铅处理(p<0.05)。对于加入硝酸铅处理,土壤 DTPA-Pb 含量依仅加入硝酸铅、加入乙酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸次序依次下降。以上结果表明,溶解性不同的铅化合物在土壤中均可转化为有效性较高的铅形态,有机酸对水溶性铅化合物的有效性存在抑制作用,且其羧基数越多,抑制作用越强。
(4)在铅冶炼厂附近污染土壤中施用磷肥、NaCl 或灰渣,并种植伴矿景天,结果表明,各处理伴矿景天产量的变化范围为 3601-4026 kg·hm-2(干重),伴矿景天对 Cd、Pb、Cu和 Zn 的吸收量变化范围分别为 168-221、173-267、17.4-26.8 和 6498-7855 g·hm-2.加入磷酸盐后,土壤中 Pb、Cu 和 Zn 的有效含量分别降低 2.23、0.389 和 0.182 mg·kg-1,伴矿景天地上部 Pb 的含量降低 2.48%,Cd 和 Zn 的含量分别增加 13.4%、10.6%.与单独磷酸盐处理相比,加入高量 NaCl 时,土壤中铅有效性降低,土壤镉的有效性升高。灰渣处理使土壤有效铅含量降低了 4.31%.各处理景天地上部对土壤 Cd 的植物修复效率在 4.11%-5.45%之间,对 Zn 的修复效率在 35.8%-43.7%之间,对 Cu 和 Pb 的修复效率较低。以上结果表明,磷酸盐和蜂窝煤灰渣对河南省铅冶炼污染土壤中的重金属有一定的稳定作用,而氯化钠对土壤重金属有效性和植物修复效果影响较小。
关键词:铅冶炼;小麦品种;筛选;铅;有机酸;转化;伴矿景天
Abstract
Lead smelting has led to heavy metal accumulation in some farmland soils in HenanProvince, and it also threatened the quality and safety of agricultural products. The mainobjectives of this study were to explore the influence of lead smelting on the heavy metalcontent in soil in Henan province and to explore the method of phytoremediation of heavymetal-contaminated soils. The results are as follows,(1) Investigation of heavy metal content of 25 wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn)varietiesgrown in the vicinity of the lead smelting enterprises showed that, grain concentrations of Cdof all 25 varieties as well as 16 varieties for Pb exceeded the maximum permissibleconcentrations (MPCs)。 Mean pollution indexes (MPI) (element concentration of wheatgrain/MPC for As, Cd or Pb) of the grains varied 0.562-2.15. Nine varieties had MPI<1.0 andconsidered least hazardous for consumption. Grain concentrations of As, Pb and Zn correlatedwith the concentrations of the same element in certain other tissue components positively(p<0.05)。 As, Pb and Cd concentrations contributed 5.22, 40.0 and 54.8%, respectively, to theMPI for all 25 varieties.
(2) A field experiment for screening of low Cd wheat varieties was conducted inlead-smelting polluted soils in Jiyuan with 100 wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn) varieties orstrains. The results indicated that, among all 100 varites and strains, Luomai 23, Luohan 6,Xinmai 26, Bainong 3217, 08H277-18-7, Pingan 7, Luohan 8, Huai 05155, Xinong 979,Luomai 24 and Huapei 1 had lower Cd concentrations in the grain, the concentrations ranged0.147-0.185 mg. kg-1(mean 0.168 mg·kg-1)。 While varieties and strains Zheng 103, Zhoumai23, Huayu 198, Huapei 3, Bainong 160, Huapei 8, Xinmai 2111, Zheng 119, Zhoumai 18,Zheng 102, Zhoumai 11 and FY189 had higher concentrations in the grain, the concentrationsranged 0.301-0.383 mg·kg-1(mean 0.327 mg·kg-1)。 Taking 500 g as the weight of wheat flourconsumed by a person with body weight of 60 kg in Jiyuan, if he or she eats Luomai 23 or FY189, respectively, this person will uptake 22% or 219% more Cd than the recommendedvalues by the WHO.
(3) Three lead compounds, which were Pb(NO3)2, PbSO4and PbO (at 20 degreesCelsius, their solubilities in water were 520, 0.0443 and 0.017 g·L-1, respectively.), wereadded at 0.02 mol·kg-1into soil, and acetic acid, malic acid or citric acid, were added at 0.005mol·kg-1in a calcareous soil and incubated for 100 days. Results showed that the DTPA-Pbconcentrations of different treatments ranged between 1100-2800 mg·kg-1, the DTPA-Pbcontent of soil amended with Pb(NO3)2only was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those withPbSO4or PbO only. For soils amended with Pb(NO3)2, the DTPA-Pb concentrations rankedPb(NO3)2only>Pb(NO3)2+acetic acid> Pb(NO3)2+malic acid> Pb(NO3)2+citric acid. The resultsuggested that, lead compounds with obvious different solubilies can transform into Pb withrelatively high availability in soil, organic acids inhibited the availability of lead in soil, andthe more carboxyl radix they have, the stronger the inhibition is.
(4) A lead smelting polluted soils in Jiyuan was amended with phosphate only or withNaCl or combustion residue of honeycomb briquette (CRHB), and Sedum plumbizincicolawas then planted to check the effect of different amendments on phytoremediation. The massyield of the plant ranged 3601-4026 kg·hm-2(dry weigh), shoot uptake of Cd, Pb, Cu and Znof the plant ranged 168-221, 173-267, 17.4-26.8 and 6498-7855 g·hm-2, respectively.
Phosphate amendments resulted in reduction of the DTPA-Cd, Pb and Zn of 2.23, 0.389 and0.182 mg·kg-1, respectively. Shoot concentrations of Pb decreased 2.48%, while those of Cdand Zn increased 13.4% and 10.6%, respectively. Compared with phosphate only amendment,when the soil was amended with phosphate and high dose of NaCl, the DTPA-Pb contentincreased, while that of Cd decreased. The CRHB amendment resulted in 4.31% lower ofDTPA-Pb in soil than the control. Shoot of Sedum plumbizincicola uptook 4.11%-5.45% ofsoil Cd, and 35.8%-43.7% of Zn, while the percentages for Cu and Pb were much lower. Theresults suggested that phosphate and CRHB helped the immobilization of heavy metals in thepolluted soils, while NaCl had a minor effect of the availability and phytoextraction of heavymetals in soil.
Key words: Lead smelting; wheat variety; screening; lead; organic acid; transformation;Sedum plumbizincicola
目录
摘 要
Abstract
第一章 绪论
1.1 河南省的铅冶炼及其对土壤的重金属污染
1.1.1 我国铅冶炼产业现状
1.1.2 铅冶炼的方法
1.1.3 铅冶炼对环境的污染
1.1.4 河南省铅冶炼对土壤的污染研究现状
1.2 铅冶炼对农作物中重金属含量的影响
1.2.1 作物吸收重金属的途径
1.2.2 铅冶炼污染区作物重金属含量
1.2.2.1 谷类作物
1.2.2.2 蔬菜
1.3 本研究的内容和意义
第二章 铅冶炼厂附近小麦重金属含量研究
2.1 引言
2.2 材料与方法
2.2.1 铅冶炼污染区域
2.2.2 样品分析
2.2.3 样品采集
2.2.4 数据处理
2.3 结果
2.3.1 位置对元素含量的影响
2.3.2 不同部位的重金属和类金属含量
2.3.3 小麦籽粒中的重金属和类金属含量
2.4 讨论
2.5 结论
第三章 低镉积累小麦品种的筛选研究
3.1 前言
3.2 材料与方法
3.2.1 试验地概况
3.2.2 田间实施
3.2.3 试验地土壤基本性质
3.2.4 采样和样品处理分析
3.2.5 数据处理
3.3 结果与分析
3.3.1 各品种小麦中镉的含量
3.3.2 健康风险分析
3.4 讨论
3.5 结论
第四章 不同溶解性铅化合物在土壤中的转化研究
4.1 前言
4.2 材料与方法
4.2.1 供试土壤处理
4.2.2 样品分析
4.2.3 数据处理
4.3 结果
4.3.1 土壤铅有效性
4.3.2 土壤交换态铅
4.3.3 土壤有效磷
4.3.4 土壤 pH 和电导率
4.3.5 不同性质的相关性
4.4 讨论
4.4.1 不同铅化合物在土壤中的转化
4.4.2 有机酸对土壤铅形态转化的影响
4.5 结论
第五章 不同土壤处理对伴矿景天修复铅冶炼污染土壤的影响
5.1 引言
5.2 材料与方法
5.2.1 田间试验
5.2.2 样品分析
5.2.3 数据处理
5.3 结果与分析
5.3.1 植物地上部分重金属含量
5.3.2 植物产量和重金属的吸收量
5.3.3 伴矿景天对污染土壤的修复效果
5.3.4 土壤重金属有效性变化
5.3.5 土壤其他性状变化
5.4 讨论
5.4.1 磷酸盐的效果
5.4.2 氯的效果
5.4.3 灰渣的效果
5.5 结论
第六章 全文总结和展望
6.1 主要结论
6.2 展望
参考文献
致谢