摘 要
在国际低碳经济大趋势下,为促进我国的碳金融市场进步一发展,日益增多的自愿减排项目使得我国自愿减排交易市场也取得很大进展。国内核证自愿减排量(CCER),是一种重要的履约补充机制,且具有成本低的优点,我国企业目前已经成功经历过 CCER 履约尝试。
作为 CCER 项目的发展中至关重要的一项,碳排放权抵消机制也在逐渐发展完善,《温室气体自愿减排交易管理暂行办法》是我国目前发布的用于管理CCER 交易的专门办法,各交易所也对 CCER 项目的交易和碳排放权抵消做出了具体规定,尤其是对碳排放权抵消比例做出了限制,由于我国 CCER 市场发展时间较短,碳排放权抵消机制虽然初具模型但还不够规范,需要进一步的完善,以使其发挥应有的作用。
为了研究我国碳排放权抵消机制的建设问题,本文以我国碳排放权抵消制度的发展现状作为切入点详细分析了其存在的问题,并以清洁发展机制作为对比案例总结了国际清洁能源机制发展对我国碳排放权抵消机制发展的经验和启示。
目前我国经审定的可用于抵消的的碳减排量主要表现为 3 种,分别是核证自愿减排量、节能项目碳减排量、林业碳汇项目碳减排量等。通过审定的 1 吨二氧化碳减排量可用于抵消 1 吨二氧化碳排放量。在这些项目中,CCER 项目数量最多,产生的减排量也最大,是最主要的抵消机制。
从我国目前的 CCER 项目发展情况来看,越来越多的新兴项目被开发出来,这些项目主要集中于新能源和可再生能源的利用,其中取得最快发展的是风电项目,同时新兴的生物质发电项目也在快速增长,除此之外,农村沼气回收利用项目也大量出现,但是从整体上看,CCER 项目还是局限于为数不多的几种类型,需要开发出更多可利用的 CCER 项目种类来充分发挥其作用。
由于 CCER 市场发展时间较短,目前各项规定虽然已经初具框架,但是各交易所规则还是有所不同,碳排放权抵消比例也各不相同,同时,CCER 交易还体现为交易额大但交易次数少的特点,交易非透明化,交易价格也各不相同,从可知的价格信息中可知,CCER 交易价格与碳配额交易价格相比还是有着比较大的差别,交易非规范和非透明成为了影响 CCER 交易进一步发展的障碍。
同时,与国际清洁发展机制做对比,我国 CCER 交易和我国碳排放权抵消机制的发展仍具有很多不足之处。抵消审核和抵消流程仍需完善,可用于抵消的项目类型有待拓宽,相关法律规范急需完善并加强各项风险防范。
本文首先解释了碳排放权抵消机制的概念和具体内容,总结了我国目前可用于抵消的减排类型,由于 CCER 是最为主要的抵消形式因此是本文研究的重点。
以 CCER 项目的交易和发展作为具体事例分析了我国碳抵消机制的发展现状,并从中发现问题。接着参考国际清洁能源发展机制,结合其相关规定和抵消情况,总结出可用于我国抵消机制发展的经验和启示,最后对我国全国碳市场建设中完善碳排放权抵消机制提出了对策和建议,主要为设立统一的 CCER 抵消比例,建立统一的碳排放权抵消机制,建立信息披露机制,提高交易透明度,提高社会认知度和企业的参与热情,同时加快全国统一 CCER 市场的建设,加速 CCER项目的发展。
关键词:
碳排放权抵消机制、核证自愿减排量、清洁发展机制
Abstract
To meet the development of the low-carbon economy, China's carbon financemarket is now growing rapidly. To promote the development of the carbon market,voluntary emissions trading has also made great progress. As the most importantlow-cost compliance complementary tool,domestic certified VERs (CCER) will alsoenter the carbon trading markets.
During the development of certified VERs(CCER development project),carbonemissions offset mechanisms is of paramount importance , China has issued“Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Interim Measures”, the exchangesalso made specific provisions of CCER project trading and offsetting carbonemissions, especially for offsetting carbon emissions proportion, due to the shortlydevelopment of CCER market , carbon emissions offset mechanisms still needfurther improvement to make it play its due role.
Based on the above, this article chose carbon emissions offset mechanisms forthe study, and made a detailed analysis of the development status of China's carbonemissions offset mechanisms. On the other hand , the compare with the CleanDevelopment Mechanism was made to summarize the experience and inspiration forthe development of the carbon emissions offset mechanisms.
At present, validated certified carbon emission reductions that can be usedinclude certified VERs,energy-saving projects carbon emission reductions,forestrycarbon sequestration projects carbon emission reductions and so on , the mostimportant one is certified VERs (CCER)。
Now CCER project concentrated on the use of new energy and renewable energyprojects, such as the rapid development of wind power projects. The emergingbiomass power generation project is also growing rapidly. In addition, methanerecovery and utilization projects in rural areas also appeared in large numbers. ButCCER project type is now single, more new projects yet to be developed.
Since the CCER market history is very short,although the current framework ofthe the provisions has been made, the exchanges still takes different rules, theproportion of carbon emissions offset is different as the same. CCER trading reflectedin the large volume of transactions and non-transparent transaction, the transactionprice also varies from each other. We can see from the apparent price information,CCER transaction price and the price of the carbon quota trading still has a relativelylarge difference. CCER trading is in urgent need of standardization and transparency.
On the other hand, compared with the international CDM, the development ofChina CCER trading and carbon emissions offset mechanisms still has manydeficiencies. Offset project types need to be broadened, and the relevant laws andregulations also need to be improved.
The concept of carbon emissions offset mechanisms was firstly be explained,and then the project type of emissions that can be used to make carbon emissionoffsets was introduced. Focusing on the voluntary emission reduction projects, thestatus development and transactions situation of CCER project were analysis in detail.
Then from the comparison with Clean Development Mechanism , forwardcountermeasures and suggestions were summarized to improve carbon emissionsoffset mechanisms. In order to further improve the emissions of carbon offsetdevelopment mechanism, we need to improve the rules, the transparency oftransactions and information disclosure, the social awareness and enthusiasm ofenterprises, and the market development.
Keywords:
carbon emissions offset mechanisms, certified VERs, CDM
目 录
第 1 章 绪论
1.1 选题背景与意义
1.2 文献综述
1.3 研究思路和研究方法
1.3.1 研究思路
1.3.2 研究方法
1.4 本文的创新与不足
第 2 章 碳排放权抵消机制概述
2.1 碳排放权抵消机制概念
2.1.1 定义
2.1.2 种类
2.2 碳排放权抵消机制的意义
2.2.1 CCER 交易有助于形成全国统一碳市场
2.2.2 CCER 交易可以推动全国碳市场配额价格发现机制
2.2.3 CCER 交易可用于调控全国碳市场
2.2.4 CCER 有利于发展碳金融衍生品
2.3 抵消机制中可能存在的问题
2.3.1 CCER 参与全国碳市场的准入条件
2.3.2 CCER 与配额同质化
2.3.3 CCER 过量开发的风险
第 3 章 我国碳排放抵消机制的现状
3.1 我国 CCER 项目的现状
3.1.1 CCER 项目简介
3.1.2 抵消比例相关规定
3.1.3 备案项目类别
3.1.4 项目减排类型
3.1.5 项目地域分布
3.2 我国 CCER 交易的现状
3.2.1 CCER 交易相关规定
3.2.2 各交易所交易现状
3.2.3 碳配额交易价格分析
3.2.4 CCER 交易与配额交易价格对比分析
3.2.5 我国 CCER 交易市场存在的问题
第 4 章 国际碳排放抵消机制的经验与启示
4.1 国际清洁发展机制
4.1.1 CDM 和 CER
4.1.2 相关规定
4.1.3 抵消情况分析
4.2 经验与启示
4.2.1 建立完善的抵消审核和流程
4.2.2 拓宽可用于抵消的项目类型
4.2.3 完善法律并加强风险防范
第 5 章 完善碳排放权抵消机制的对策建议
5.1 设立统一的 CCER 抵消比例
5.2 建立统一的碳排放权抵消机制,提高企业参与热情
5.3 建立全国统一的 CCER 市场,加速 CCER 项目的发展
结 论
参考文献
致 谢