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中国旅游开发伦理缺失探析

来源:河北师范大学 作者:李轩
发布于:2017-03-07 共5513字
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  摘 要
  
  旅游业作为 21 世纪的朝阳产业,不仅拉动了经济的增长,促进国内生产总值的提高,为社会创造出更多的就业机会,同时对不同国家、不同民族之间的文化交流也起到了推动作用。随着经济的快速发展,交通运输业的不断进步,人民生活水平的提高,越来越多的人开始把目光投入到旅游当中。我国旅游业虽然起步较晚,但随着改革开发后经济的快速发展,旅游业也进入到了前所未有的大繁荣阶段。2015 年,中国国内旅游突破 40 亿人次,旅游收入过 4 万亿人民币,目前已经成为全球旅游大国之一。旅游开发作为旅游业发展的起始环节与中心环节,决定了旅游业能否持续健康快速的发展。但是目前我国旅游开发的模式与观念仍旧较为传统,有些地区还停留在“只开发、不保护”的阶段,旅游开发过程中也带来了一系列的伦理问题。因此,本文拟从伦理审视的视角,依据环境伦理学与旅游伦理学的基本方法,分别从旅游开发过程中的不同利益主体出发,对我国旅游开发中的伦理问题进行研究,并进一步探究其产生的伦理根源,旨在最终找到旅游开发的合理的伦理模式。本文的研究可分为四个部分:
  
  第一部分对我国旅游发开进行了整体的阐述。由于旅游资源是旅游开发的核心,所以本文首先将旅游资源开发与旅游开发这两个概念进行了对比,由此引出旅游开发的概念与内容。其次对旅游开发过程中不同主体的利益分析做了具体的阐述。旅游开发过程是一个综合的、动态的、涉及社会各个领域的系统工程,同时也涉及到社会、经济、环境等各方面的效益,旅游开发的过程实际上就是各个利益群体之间相互斗争与妥协的过程。要想成功完成旅游开发的整体任务,需要其中各个环节与部分的配合。因此对旅游开发中不同主体进行利益分析,了解每一个主体的需求,才能更好的完成旅游开发活动。本文分别从旅游开发者、旅游经营组织者、旅游者、当地居民以及旅游资源的角度进行了利益分析,并阐述了旅游开发的意义,同时回顾了中外旅游开发的历史进程,借鉴国外优秀的开发经验,总结我国开发进程中的问题与不足,为下文中的伦理问题的具体阐述埋下伏笔。
  
  第二部分阐述了旅游开发中存在的伦理问题。本文分别从旅游开发者、旅游经营组织者、旅游者与当地居民的角度,论述了不同利益主体在旅游开发过程中存在的伦理问题。其中主要包括旅游开发者无序规划、过度开发,造成对旅游资源的破坏;旅游经营组织者协调不力、管理欠缺,造成对旅游资源的浪费;旅游者人数急剧上升、个人素质参差不齐,对旅游地的自然环境与社会环境造成巨大影响;当地居民价值观与道德标准的扭曲,原有生活方式的改变,促成或加剧社会问题的产生等。
  
  第三部分针对上述伦理问题的形成,分析旅游开发中产生的伦理问题的成因。对应上文分别从旅游开发者、旅游经营组织者、旅游者、当地居民这四个不同的利益主体,分析了当前我国旅游开发伦理问题产生的原因。其中包括旅游开发者未处理好义利关系,过度开发,超出自然环境的承载能力;旅游经营组织者管理欠缺,急功近利,缺乏社会责任感与公德心;旅游者自身道德素质有待提高,环保意识与环保知识匮乏;当地居民缺乏正确的价值标准,环境保护的参与能力较低。
  
  第四部分阐述了构建旅游开发的伦理措施。通过对旅游开发中伦理问题的概述及原因的分析,进而提出生态旅游开发的伦理模式,实现低碳旅游开发。其中主要包括两方面的内容:一是提出了旅游开发中应遵循的伦理原则。主要包括保人与自然和谐发展原则、均衡利益原则、可持续发展原则、文化保护原则。二是提出了合理旅游开发的伦理途径,主要有提高开发者自身素质、完善旅游行业内部秩序,正确引导旅游者,培育生态旅游市场以及加强当地居民生活环境的管理等。
  
  旅游开发不仅涉及到生态环境问题,也对社会生活有一定的影响。如何在旅游开发的进程中遵循伦理要求,实现生态旅游开发与低碳旅游开发,将是未来旅游开发的主要趋势。
  
  关键词:旅游开发 伦理 问题 措施
  
  Abstract
  
  As a rising industry in 21stcentury, not only does the tourism facilitate thegrowth of economy, but it increases the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), whichcreating much more job opportunities for the communities. Meanwhile, it promotesthe culture exchanges among different countries and regions. In the light of theeconomic boosts, innovation of the transportation, and the development of the livingstandard, an increasing number of people has been involving into the tourism. Thanksto the sharply increase economy after the Reform and Open Policy carried out, suchindustry has stepped into an unprecedented prosperity, even though the business oftourism in our country doesn't have a long history. In 2015, the number of travelingpassengers reaches to 4 billion, and it generates over 4 trillion RMB revenuesannually, which enables China to one of the largest tourism countries in the world.
  
  Whether the Tourism is able to keep on going healthily and fast highly depends on theTourism Development, because the Tourism Development is the starting point andcore stage of the whole process of the tourism developing. A series of ethically issueshave been triggered during the progress of the industry expanding, due to the datedmethod and theory of exploitation, which means some of the regions still remain onthe stage of “exploitation with any protections”. Therefore, these issues will bediscussed through different stakeholders' points of view under employing the ethictheories and the approaches of environmental ethics. Furthermore, the probe will bedown to the root of the reasons causing such phenomenon. The goal of this study is tofind the most appropriate ethical method of developing the industry of tourism inChina.
  
  Four parts are separated to be discussed:
  
  The first part fully describes the Tourism Development in China. The conceptand details of the Tourism Development is provided from the comparison ofdifferences between the exploitation of tourism resources and the TourismDevelopment, because the resources of tourism is the backbone of TourismDevelopment. And then, different stakeholders' benefits are specifically analyzed inthe process of developing the tourism. The whole process of it is integrity, dynamic,different social areas related, and influencing the benefits of the society, economy andenvironment. In the fact, the developing is occupied with fighting and compromisingamong related beneficial parties. Therefore, the cooperation among each sections andparties will accomplish the development of tourism successfully and integrity. Inanother word, recognizing every parties' interests and needs seems to be the crucialkey to get the goal. There are list of topics that will be discussed through, such asTourism Developers, Tourism Organizers, tourists, local residents, and TourismResources. Meanwhile, the meaning of developing the tourism is laid. Looking backto the history of China and other countries' tourism development and taking othercountries' good experience into our consideration, we can summarize the issues andshortages in China.
  
  The second part unfolds the ethical issues in the Tourism development. Theseissues are argued from 4 aspects, the Tourism developers, the organizers, tourists, andlocal residents. These issues includes disordered and over exploitation, which causesdamage to resources. The reasons causing these issues (for instance why the resourceshave been wasted; tremendous negative impact to the nature and society; the valueand the moral standard of the local residents have been distorted; and the changes ofliving) are because the disorganized of the organizers, the increasing number of thetourists, and a big range of their personal quality.All catalyzes the social issues.
  
  Thirdly, depending on above issues mentioned, the reasons caused them in theprocess of Tourism Development will be analyzed. And these reasons are analyzedfrom 4 stakeholders' angles, developers, organizers, tourists, and local residents. Forexample, the developers exploit the resources exceeding the boundary of theenvironmental capability regardless of the balance of different stakeholders' interests;organizers neglect the governance, rush to the profits, and are lack of the sense ofsocial responsibility and the sense of social morality; tourists need to improvethemselves quality and acknowledge the environmental protection knowledge; thelocal residents don't have the right value standard and the enough ability of involvinginto the protective actions.
  
  The last part demonstrates the approach of developing tourism ethically. Giventhe causing reason of issues generated from the development, this study furtherpresents how to exploit the eco-tourism by ethical model and implement thelow-carbon development. It includes two main aspects: one is the ethical theoriesneed to be applied into the development, including the principle of human and naturein harmony, the principle of balanced interests and principles of sustainabledevelopment, cultural protection principles; two is the ethical approach ofdevelopment, for instance, the quality of the developers' themselves, how to perfectthe insiders' rule in such industry, correct leading the tourists, and enhancing the localresidents'living conditions, etc.
  
  The Tourism Development is not only related to the eco-system issues, butimpacts the social living standard somehow. How to meet the ethical requirements inthe development process and implement the eco-development and low-carbondevelopment will be the main study trend in the near future in tourism industry.
  
  Keywords: Tourism Development, Ethics, Issues, Approaches


  目 录
  
  中文摘要
  
  英文摘要
  
  引 言
  
  (一) 研究背景及选题意义
  
  1. 研究的背景
  
  2. 选题的意义
  
  (二) 国内外研究现状
  
  1. 国内研究现状
  
  2. 国外研究现状
  
  (三) 研究思路与研究方法
  
  1. 研究思路
  
  2. 研究方法
  
  (四) 创新之处与不足
  
  一、旅游开发一般概述
  
  (一) 旅游开发的定义和内容
  
  1. 旅游开发的定义
  
  2. 旅游开发的演变历程
  
  3. 旅游开发的内容
  
  (二) 旅游开发的主体
  
  1. 旅游开发者
  
  2. 旅游经营组织者
  
  3. 旅游者
  
  4. 当地居民
  
  (三) 旅游开发的客体
  
  1.旅游资源的内涵
  
  2.旅游资源的分类
  
  (四) 旅游开发的意义
  
  1. 旅游开发可以推动当地的经济发展
  
  2. 旅游开发有利于社会文化交流
  
  3. 旅游开发有利于旅游环境的保护
  
  二、旅游开发中存在的伦理问题
  
  (一) 旅游开发中旅游开发者存在的伦理问题
  
  1. 旅游开发者对旅游自然环境的污染
  
  2. 旅游开发者对旅游景观环境的破坏
  
  3. 旅游开发者对旅游社会环境的影响
  
  (二) 旅游开发中旅游经营组织者存在的伦理问题
  
  1. 旅游经营管理者对旅游自然环境的破坏
  
  2. 住宿、餐饮等设施重复建设加重旅游自然环境的污染
  
  3. 排污性交通工具的不当发展,加剧旅游地环境的破坏
  
  4. 旅游从业人员素质低下出现损害游客利益的现象
  
  (三) 旅游开发中旅游者存在的伦理问题
  
  1. 旅游者人数超出环境承载能力,造成旅游地环境的破坏
  
  2. 个别旅游者素质低下,对旅游资源造成破坏
  
  3. 外来游客的进入,使当地民俗文化商业化
  
  (四)旅游开发中当地居民存在的伦理问题
  
  1. 当地居民生活方式发生改变
  
  2. 当地居民价值观发生扭曲
  
  3. 旅游开发地不良现象增多
  
  三、旅游开发中伦理问题的成因
  
  (一) 旅游开发者未处理好义利关系,忽视对旅游资源的保护
  
  1. 利益至上,过度开发,超出环境承载能力
  
  2. 缺乏对优秀文化的认识,使人文景观类旅游商业化
  
  (二) 旅游经营组织者管理欠缺,缺乏社会责任感与公德心
  
  1. 急功近利,疏于对环境的保护
  
  2. 缺乏完善的环境管理法规与环境管理体制
  
  3. 社会责任感与公德心欠缺,行业内部竞争机制不完备
  
  4. 缺乏完备的收入反哺机制
  
  (三) 旅游者自身道德素质有待提高,环保意识匮乏
  
  1. 缺乏环保意识,破坏旅游地自然环境
  
  2. 个人道德素质较低,破坏旅游地社会环境
  
  (四)当地居民缺乏正确的价值标准,环境保护的参与能力较低
  
  1. 环保参与程度较低,社会舆论监督作用弱化
  
  2. 缺乏正确的价值观念与道德标准
  
  四、合理旅游开发中应遵循的伦理原则及策略
  
  (一) 合理旅游开发应遵循的伦理原则
  
  1. 人与自然和谐发展原则
  
  2. 均衡利益原则
  
  3. 可持续发展原则
  
  4. 文化保护原则
  
  (二) 合理旅游开发的策略
  
  1. 开展生态旅游开发,提高开发者自身素质
  
  2. 完善旅游行业内部秩序,建立生态旅游经营企业的运营模式
  
  3. 正确引导旅游者,培育生态旅游市场
  
  4. 加强当地居民生活环境的管理,实现生态旅游开发
  
  结论
  
  参考文献
  
  后记
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原文出处:李轩. 我国旅游开发的伦理问题及应对策略[D].河北师范大学,2016.
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