摘 要
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（1856-1939）是奥地利着名的精神病学家、心理学家、精神分析学派的创始人，被誉为 20 世纪影响力最大的思想家之一。目前国内外学者对于弗洛伊德思想的研究主要集中在心理学、宗教学、哲学、文学、美学等领域，系统地论述其伦理思想的研究则相对较少，其中涉及其道德人格思想的专题研究更是几近于无。本文拟从道德人格的视角，依据道德人格研究的一般范式与基本方法对弗洛伊德的道德人格思想进行梳理、总结与评析，旨在阐明其对于我国当前伦理道德建设的积极意义。本文的研究分为三个部分：
第一部分阐释了弗洛伊德道德人格思想的形成背景及理论渊源。弗洛伊德道德人格思想的产生离不开他所处社会的经济、政治、文化条件，也离不开他父母的引导与熏陶，更重要的是他自身的努力与探索。从其理论渊源来看，弗洛伊德的道德人格思想不仅受到了达尔文、赫尔姆霍茨、布吕克、莱布尼茨等人的科学研究的影响，而且也受到了梅纳特、沙可、波恩海姆、布洛伊尔等人的治疗经验的影响。同时，弗洛伊德自幼酷爱读书，自古希腊以来的哲学思想也深深地启发了他。
第二部分阐释了弗洛伊德道德人格思想的主要内容。首先，弗洛伊德重视潜意识的作用，在他看来，个体的心理活动主要是潜意识的，而意识只占其中很少的一部分。
他从布洛伊尔的“安娜·欧”病例中注意到了潜意识的存在，并论述了潜意识的特征，即非矛盾性、非理性、原发性、无时间性以及非现实性。在此基础上，他分析了意识、前意识以及潜意识三者之间的关系，并说明了潜意识在个体道德人格中的作用。其次，弗洛伊德还说明了道德人格的形成过程，包括道德人格的个体起源和种系起源两个方面。道德人格的个体起源是指个体超我的形成过程。弗洛伊德认为其受到两方面的影响：一是父母权威的影响；二是“俄狄浦斯情结”的影响。道德人格的种系起源是指个体超我在历史上的初次形成及其传承。弗洛伊德指出个体超我起源于史前弑父事件中儿子们的悔恨之情，由于这种情感，儿子们克制了自己的欲望，并发展出最初的禁忌，这标志着原始道德人格的初步形成。接下来，初次形成的超我借助于自我沉积在本我之中，之后便通过遗传一代代地传承下去。最后，弗洛伊德论述了道德人格的结构，包括动力结构、准则结构、情感结构以及目标结构四个部分。动力结构由爱欲本能与死的本能组成，这两种本能是促使个体道德人格形成并维持其发展的重要因素；准则结构由快乐原则、现实原则以及至善原则组成，这三条原则是个体进行道德行为选择时的基本依据；情感结构由罪疚感以及焦虑感组成，它们是个体在道德行为选择过程中经常感受到的那种内心体验；目标结构意在说明道德人格培养的终极目标--个体的幸福，以及实现幸福的根本途径。
第三部分阐释了弗洛伊德道德人格思想的理论得失及现实启示。其理论贡献体现在三个方面：第一，肯定了潜意识的伦理意义；第二，强调了情感的积极作用；第三，注重了本能的合理性。其局限性体现在两个方面：第一，夸大了情感的作用。一方面，弗洛伊德将情感作为道德人格种系起源的基础，忽视了对情感普遍必然性的论证以及情感之后的物质动因。另一方面，弗洛伊德并没有看到情感主导下个体道德行为选择的弊端，忽视了理性及社会因素在其中的主导地位；第二，夸大了本能的作用。弗洛伊德将个体道德人格的功能--良心--归结为死的本能的内向投射，误解了良心的实质。此外，在实现个体道德人格的目标--幸福时，他主张发挥个体的爱欲本能，强调实现幸福的主观因素，却忽视了他人、社会等客观因素的作用。依据弗洛伊德的道德人格思想，应特别重视儿童的早期道德人格教育，并采用适合其年龄特点的教育手段，促使其建立合理的心理防御机制。此外，还应重视教育者自身道德人格的塑造。
关键词：弗洛伊德 道德人格 潜意识 情感 本能
Abstract
Sigmund Freud （1856-1939） is the famous Austria psychiatrist, psychologist and thefounder of psychoanalysis. He was known as the one of the greatest thinkers in the 20thcentury. The current research of Freud Thought focuses on the field of psychology, religion,philosophy, literature and aesthetics. The systematic study of his Ethics is less, whichinvolves his thought of moral personality is almost non.This paper in accordance with thegeneral paradigm and basic methods of moral personality explains Freud's Ethics from theperspective of moral personality. It seeks to clarify the positive significance for the currentethics construction in China. This article can be divided into three parts:
The first part describes the background and the ideological source of Freud's moralpersonality. The thought of Freud's moral personality not only came from the socialeconomic, political and cultural conditions, but also relied on his parents' guidance andnurturing, more importantly, it was depended on his own efforts and exploration. From theview of the ideological source, the thought of Freud's moral personality was affected by thestudy of Darwin, Helmholtz, Bruche, Leibniz, et al. As well as the treatment experience ofMeynert, Charcot, Bernheim Breuer, et al. Meanwhile, he loved reading from his childhoodand was influenced by the Philosophies since Ancient Greek.
The second part describes the primary coverage of moral personality. Firstly, Freudemphasized on the role of the subconscious, in his view, the individual's mental activitiesare primarily subconscious, and conscious in which is only a small part. He noticed theexistence of the subconscious from the Breuer's case of Anna · O, and discussed the thecharacteristics of the subconscious, including non-contradictory, non-rationality, primary,timelessness and non-reality. On this basis, he analyzed the relationship between conscious,preconscious and subconscious. Furthermore, he explained the role of the subconscious inthe moral personality. Secondly, Freud explained the formation of moral personality,including the individual origin and germline origin. Individual origin of the moralpersonality means the individual Superego's formation process. Freud thought theSuperego was affected by two aspects: one is the impact of the parental authority, the otheris the impact of Oedipus Complex. Germline origin of the moral personality means theindividual Superego's formation for the first time in history and its heritage. Freud pointedout that the Superego originated from the sons' remorse of the prehistoric patricide event.
Because of this feeling, they restrained their desires and developed the original taboos. Itmeant the initial formation of individual moral personality. Then, the Superego by means ofthe Ego can be deposited into the Id, it can be passed along from generation to generationby genetic. Finally, Freud describes the structure of moral personality, including the powerstructure, the criteria structure, the emotional structure and the target structure. The powerstructure consists of the Eros Instinct and the Death Instinct, which are important factors tothe the formation and development of the individual moral personality. The criteriastructure consists of the pleasure principle, the reality principle and the perfect principle,which are the fundamental bases of the individual moral choices. The emotional structureconsists of guilt and anxiety, which are the inner experiences of individual moral choices.
The target structure is intended to illustrate the ultimate goal of the moral personalityeducation - the individual happiness, as well as the fundamental way to achieve happiness.
The third part describes the contributions and limitations of Freud's moral personality.
The contributions are reflected in three aspects: Firstly, it confirms the ethical significanceof the subconsciousness. Secondly, it emphasizes the positive role of emotion. Thirdly, itpays attention to the rationality of instinct. The limitations are reflected in two aspects:
Firstly, it exaggerates the role of the emotion. On the one hand, Freud regarded theemotions as the basis for the moral personality germline origin. He ignored the argument ofemotional universality and the material basis of emotions. On the other hand, Freud ignoredthe disadvantages of moral choices leading by emotions and the leading position ofrationality and society. Secondly, it exaggerates the role of the instinct. Freud regarded theDeath Instinct as the origin of conscience, he misunderstood the essence of conscience.
Moreover, he advocated playing the Eros Instinct to achieve the moral personality goal -happiness, but ignored the objective factors such as the others and society. According to thethought of Freud's moral personality, we should pay particular attention to the early moralpersonality for children and use the suitable means of education to encourage children toestablish the reasonable psychological defense mechanism. Moreover, we should also payattention to the educator's own moral personality qualities.
Key words: Freud Moral personality Subconscious Emotion Instinct
目 录
中文摘要
英文摘要
引言
（一） 研究背景及选题意义
（二） 国内外研究现状
（三） 研究思路与研究方法
（四） 创新之处与不足
一、 弗洛伊德道德人格思想的形成背景及理论渊源
（一） 弗洛伊德道德人格思想的形成背景
1. 社会背景
2. 家庭环境
3. 个人成长经历
（二） 弗洛伊德道德人格思想的理论渊源
1. 古希腊以来的西方哲学传统
2. 19 世纪末 20 世纪初的科学思想
3. 病理学理论
二、 弗洛伊德道德人格思想的主要内容
（一） 弗洛伊德道德人格的出发点--潜意识
1. 潜意识的发现
2. 潜意识的特征
3. 潜意识与道德人格的关系
（二） 弗洛伊德道德人格的形成过程
1. 道德人格的个体起源
2. 道德人格的种系起源
3. 道德人格形成中的认同作用
（三） 弗洛伊德道德人格的结构
1. 动力结构
2. 准则结构
3. 情感结构
4. 目标结构
三、 弗洛伊德道德人格思想的理论得失及现实启示
（一） 弗洛伊德道德人格思想的理论贡献
1. 肯定了潜意识的伦理意义
2. 强调了情感的积极作用
3. 注重了本能的合理性
（二） 弗洛伊德道德人格思想的局限性
1. 夸大了情感的作用
2. 夸大了本能的作用
（三） 弗洛伊德道德人格思想的现实启示
1. 实现道德人格中潜意识的整合
2. 注重儿童的早期道德人格教育
3. 重视教育者自身道德人格的塑造
结论
参考文献
后记
