中小融资性担保公司发展中的风险及法律对策

　　摘 要

　　融资性担保行业的出现及发展，推动了中小企业融资贷款模式的变革，为改善中小企业的融资环境、促进我国金融业的繁荣发展都具有重要的意义。但是，融资性担保公司的经营风险重重，尤其是中小融资性担保公司，这就会导致融资性担保行业的发展的不稳定，不利于整个金融秩序的稳定发展。本文正是在这样的前提下，着力研究中小融资性担保公司发展中存在的风险，分析风险的成因，进而提出合理的风险控制的法律对策。

　　首先，本文从融资性担保行业的概况入手，简要对融资性担保行业的蓬勃发展和重要性入手，进入本文关于中小型融资性担保公司经营风险的研究。本文认为，中小融资性担保公司主要限制在中小企业中。中小融资性担保公司拥有其自身的特点，而且中小融资性担保公司在经营过程中存在着诸多经营风险。

　　风险主要有其自身内部风险，也有企业与银行业给其附加的风险，还有外部的法律、法规以及政策上的风险。因此，研究融资性担保公司存在的风险无论对中小融资性担保企业自身还是就整个担保行业的健康发展乃至整个融资担保市场的发展而言，都具有重要意义。

　　其次，本文对中小融资性担保公司存在经营风险的具体类型及其表现以及经营风险存在的原因进行了剖析。本文认为，其存在的经营风险主要有信用、经营、政策、经济周期、法律变动等五种具体类型的法律风险。而这些类型风险的存在主要有三个方面的原因。首先，防范中小型融资担保公司经营风险的法律制度不完善。如法律体系不健全、法律的执行与监督机制不完善等；其次，相关的配套制度的建设滞后。如市场准入控制不严，导致注册资本不实、行业监管体制不完善，监管不到位存在模糊地带、风险分担机制不完善、补偿机制不健全、金融环境较差等。最后，中小型融资担保公司自身不足。如自身规模与客户信贷需求不相适应、内部治理结构混乱，监督制约机制失控、盈利渠道单一，风险较大、偏离主业，超范围经营、人才储备匮乏、行业协会发展滞后等问题。

　　最后，融资担保企业在经营运作中凸显出的许多问题和风险，但在现阶段最可行也是最宜行之策主要有三个方面：首先，完善对防范中小型融资担保公司经营风险的立法。具体主要指第一，提高立法层级，实现统一调控；第二，建立统一法律体系，加强法律监督；第三，加快现行规范性文件清理与整合，建立完善后评价机制。其次，完善相关的配套制度建设。具体是指第一，结束分散监管，确立统一主体；第二，加强审批监管，逐步完善监督制约机制；第三，搞好“银担”合作关系，互惠互利；第四，建立完善社会信用评价体系，改善金融环境；第五，引进第四力量，加强担保信用。第三，完善中小型融资担保公司的自身治理。主要表现在第一，完善内部治理，培养造就高素质的专业队伍；第二，推动独立发展，发挥行业协会作用。通过对中小融资性担保公司经营风险的研究，确保中小融资担保机构的健康发展，对整个融资担保行业、担保行业、金融业乃至整个国民经济的发展提供支撑。

　　关键词：

　　中小融资性担保公司，经营风险，法律控制

　　Abstract

　　The emergency and development of financing guarantee industry promote thetransformation of small and medium-sized enterprise financing loans, and have greatsignificance to improve the financing environment of small and medium-sizedenterprises and accelerate the prosperity and development of financial industry in ourcountry. However, there are amounts of operating risk in financing guaranteecorporations, especially in those small and medium-sized financing guaranteecorporations, which leads to the instability of the development of financingguarantee industry and is also not beneficial to the stable development of the wholefinancial order. This paper based on this situation, puts forth effort to study theexisting risks in the development of small and medium-sized financing guaranteecorporations, and analyzes the factors of risks, then further puts forward the rationallegal countermeasures of legal control.

　　Firstly, from the aspects of the profiles, the booming development and theimportance of the financing guarantee industry, this article describes the study on theoperating risk of SMEs financing guarantee corporations. Small and medium-sizedfinancing guarantee corporations have their own unique characteristics, as well asnumerous operating risk in their business process. The main risks include the internalrisks from their own corporations, the additional risks from corporations and thebank industry and those from external laws, regulations and policy. Therefore, it is agreat significance to intensively research the existing risks of the financing guaranteecorporations which exist regardless of the small and medium-sized financingguarantee corporations themselves, the healthy development of the guaranteeindustry or on the development of the whole market of financing guarantee markets.

　　Next, this paper analyzes the concrete types, even their performance, and theexisting reasons of operating risk in small and medium-sized financing guaranteecorporations. The paper believes that there are mainly five specific types of legalrisks, they are: honor, operation, policy, economic cycle and legal alteration.However, there are mainly three reasons for the existing risks. First of all, theimperfection of the legal system of preventing operating risk in small andmedium-sized financing guarantee corporations. For example, the legal system is notperfect, the law enforcement and surveillance mechanism is not complete, etc.; Next,the lag of the related supporting system. For example, instruct control of marketaccess, leading to the false registered capital and the imperfect business regulationsystem. The existing of fuzzy region led by the poor supervision makes, theimperfect risk allocation mechanism, the unsound compensating mechanism and thepoor financial environment, etc. Finally, the shortcomings of small andmedium-sized financing guarantee corporations their selves. For example, theconflicts between the scale of company itself and customer credit, the disorderwithin the inner structures, the discharge of the mechanism of supervision andrestriction, the singularity of profitable ways, bigger risk, the detachment from themain business, the surpassing of managing range, inadequacy of professional humanresources and the lag of guild, also some other problemsFinally, there are many problems and risks of financing guarantee enterprisesbeing highlighted in management and operation, but in current stage, the mostfeasible and suitable three aspects are: first, complete the legislation on guardingagainst small medium-sized financing guarantee corporations. To specific is that:

　　first, increasing legislation hierarchy and implementing unified regulation; second,building the unified legal system and strengthening legal supervision; third,accelerating the cleanness and integration of currently normative documents andbuilding perfect evaluation mechanism. Next, perfect the construction of thecorresponding supporting system. To specific is that: first, ending decentralizedregulation instead of establishing unified bodies; second, strengthening theregulatory approval, and gradually perfecting the mechanism of supervision andrestriction; third, making good relations of cooperation with Bank Bear, and gainingmutual reciprocity and benefit; forth, establishing the thorough social creditevaluation system and improving the financial environment; fifth, introducing theforth power and strengthening the credit guarantee. Thirdly, complete the governanceof the small and medium-sized financing guarantee corporations their own. Mainlyin that: first, improving the governance of their own and cultivating and training highquality and professional team; second, promoting independent development andplaying the role of industry associations.

　　Through the study of the operating risk in small and medium-sized financingguarantee corporations, it can ensure the healthy development of small andmedium-sized financing guarantee institutions, and provide support to thedevelopment of financial industry, even the whole national economy.

　　Key Words:Small and Medium-sized Financing Guarantee Corporations; Operating Risk;Legal Control
 

　　目 录

　　引 言

　　一、 中小融资担保公司经营风险概况

　　（一） 中小融资担保公司的一般理解

　　（二） 中小融资性担保公司经营所面临的风险概况

　　（三） 研究中小融资担保公司风险的意义

　　二、 我国中小型融资担保公司经营风险的类型及其原因

　　（一） 中小融资担保公司运营中的风险类型及表现

　　（二） 中小型融资担保公司经营风险的原因

　　三、 防范我国中小型融资担保公司经营风险的法律对策及发展建议

　　（一） 完善对防范中小型融资担保公司经营风险的立法

　　（二） 完善相关的配套制度建设

　　（三） 完善中小型融资担保公司的自身治理

　　结 论

　　参 考 文 献

　　致 谢