油品销售企业合同管理法律风险及防范

　　摘 要

　　当前，在全球经济一体化和我国市场经济日渐成熟的大环境下，合同作为现代企业开展经济活动的重要载体，在企业的日常经营和发展中扮演着愈来愈重要的角色。有一句西方谚语是这样说的：“财物的一半来自合同”,更加深刻的体现了合同在企业经济活动中的重要价值。本文在合同管理、风险管理、法律风险理论研究的基础上，采用实证主义的方法深入分析油品销售企业合同管理法律风险点，并总结相应的防范措施，通过对合同全过程法律风险的识别及防范，同时对比现存的企业合同法律风险管理模式，努力探索适合企业长远发展的合同管理法律风险防范体系的构筑方案。

　　本文在对合同、合同管理、风险等概念研究的基础上，引申出合同管理风险的定义，即企业在日常合同管理过程中，对未来合同履行行为及内外界条件的变化与事先预定的合同管理的实现目的发生不一致的可能性，这种可能性包括对企业带来损失或者收益。这种对合同风险管理的定义不是针对企业单个合同的各种风险，而是针对企业合同管理过程中结合各类型合同抽象而成的一种管理风险。从合同法律风险存在的阶段来看，合同法律风险可以定义为企业在合同准备、订立、签署生效、履行、变更和非正常终止及救济过程中权益受损的可能性。结合我国企业合同法律风险管理的现状分析，即法律意识淡薄，风险防范观念较差；看重合同的静态管理，忽视合同的动态管理；合同管理模式落后，合同管理不到位，进一步验证了企业合同法律风险管理对企业发展的重要意义。

　　本文以油品销售企业法律工作人员的视角对油品销售企业合同订立、合同履行阶段可能存在的合同法律风险点入手，对可能存在的合同风险点逐一进行描述，如合同订立阶段的合同主体资信调查及合同约定条款、合同履行阶段的交付结算及货物验收、入库风险，并结合现行法律规定、企业实际及风险事件，总结出对应的防范建议。

　　笔者通过企业多年的合同管理实务经历，试图总结出适合企业长远发展的合同法律风险防范体系。首先，按照不同职能的人员采取不同的策略，分别加强对企业高级管理人员、企业法律工作人员、企业其他员工合同法律风险防范意识的培养。其次，合同管理制度是企业合同法律风险防范的依据，是建立企业合同管理法律风险防范体系的制度保障，也是实现合同法律风险有效治理的第一步。笔者建议从合同主办部门负责和法律部门监督、实行合同全过程管理、实行严格的合同审核等三个方面对合同管理制度进行规范完善。最后，总结合同信息化建设的优势和价值，进一步说明企业合同风险管理信息化已成为未来合同管理的必然趋势。

　　关键词：合同管理，法律风险，防范

　　Abstract

　　Nowadays, as an vital modern business activities support, contract play the partof increasingly significant role during the daily life of enterprise management, underthe condition of economic globalization and maturing of our country's marketeconomic. There's a proverb from the west country: “half and more of the treasurelies on contracts”, which reflects the significant of contract. In this paper, we analysisthe contract law risk of refined oil retail enterprises under the positivism method,based on contract management, risk management and theoretical research of law risk.

　　Thereafter, by making summary of precaution measures, law risk recognition andprecaution, contrast the existing enterprise law risk management, to establishprecaution system of contract law risk in favor of long term development ofbusinesses.

　　The contract management risk in this paper include positive deviation（earnings）and negative deviation（loss）， which come into being by the deviation between thegoal of contract management and the uncertainty of contract decision making or theobjective situation. The very definition of contract risk management is not aimed atone particular risk but an abstract comprehensive management risk. The contract lawrisk could occur in the phases of contract preparation, formation of contract, comeinto effect, performing, alteration, and non-normal termination, as well as losspossibility during relief phase, when concerning the law risk existing phases. Takingfurther research of our country's business contract risk management, we find thefollowing problems: poor legal awareness, concept of precaution plain, value thestatic management but oversight dynamic management, old-fashioned and weakcontract management.

　　From the perspective of a refined oil retail enterprise law worker, in this paper,we start from the probability law risk existing in the phase of contract formation andperform, scanning possible contract risk from every phase. For example, taking deepinvestigation of credit information, contract clauses, delivery and clearing as well ascargo checkup and acceptance, storage risk, etc. Thereby, making reasonablesuggestions for risk precaution, combined the existing legal provision, enterprisepractical and risk cases.

　　By analysis and comparision of our country's existing business contract law riskprecaution, we could conclude with a particular law risk precaution system in favor oflong term development of businesses. First, training staffs differentially, we coulddivide staffs into high level managers, professional business lawyers and commonstaffs, then taking different training intensity accordingly. Then, concerning thesignificant of establishing risk precaution system, the author of this paper suggestthrough three aspects to improve the contract management system: responsibility ofsponsor with the supervise of business law sector, enforce whole life contractmanagement, adopt strict contract examine and verdict. Finally, it further illustratebusiness contract risk management informationize as the inevitable trend of contractmanagement, by summing up the advantage and value of contract informationize.

　　Keywords:Contract Management, Legal risk, Prevention
 

　　目 录

　　引 言

　　一、 企业合同法律风险概述

　　（一） 合同

　　（二） 企业合同管理

　　（三） 企业合同法律风险

　　二、合同订立阶段的法律风险

　　（一） 合同主体资信调查的法律风险

　　（二） 合同约定条款的法律风险

　　三、 合同履行阶段的法律风险

　　（一） 交付的法律风险

　　（二） 结算风险

　　（三） 货物验收、入库风险

　　四、 企业合同法律风险防范体系建设的思考

　　（一） 合同法律风险防范意识的培养

　　（二） 合同管理制度的建设

　　（三） 合同信息化建设

　　结 语

　　参 考 文 献

　　致 谢