好意同乘损害行为的归责研究

　　摘 要

　　好意同乘是指好意人邀请或允许搭乘人无偿搭乘的行为，是一种助人为乐的中华传统美德。但是近年来好意同乘损害案件频繁发生，好意同乘损害赔偿民事责任问题已经成为热点和难点。本文以案例入手，对好意同乘损害赔偿民事责任问题进行研究。好意同乘从本质上来说是情谊行为的一种，应当受道德的约束和规范，但一旦发生损害行为，则进入到法律的层面，受法律的干预和调整。笔者通过对好意同乘损害行为的法律性质、损害赔偿的归责原则和司法适用进行研究，提出平衡好意人和搭乘人法律利益的粗浅建议。

　　对好意同乘损害行为法律性质的界定是本文讨论的前提和基础。目前因为对好意同乘的概念、特征、性质存在着不同的学者观点。笔者通过对各个专家观点进行分析，得出好意同乘具有好意性、无偿性的特征，并厘清好意同乘损害行为的法律性质。好意人通过提供非营运车辆与搭乘人达成善意搭乘的合意，实际上是一种单方施惠的事实行为。如果好意人在同乘过程中对搭乘人没有尽到安全保障责任而造成搭乘人损害时，好意人就应承担民事赔偿。

　　对好意同乘损害行为进行研究，就是要处理司法实践中好意同乘损害案件，就是要正确化解好意人与搭乘人之间的利益纠纷。在我国目前尚没有统一立法的情况下，如何对好意同乘损害进行民事赔偿呢？笔者从好意同乘损害行为的构成要件出发，对好意同乘的分类进行细化和阐述，特别是针对几种“易模糊”同乘情形进行辨析，旨在司法实践中准确掌握好易同乘。笔者通过对国内外立法比较、学者观点辨析，提出现阶段好意同乘损害赔偿适用过错原则更为合理，在此基础下将过失相抵规则和公平原则辅助适用。并说明在免责事由中应排除风险自负，对免责协议也应予以限定。

　　构建好意同乘损害赔偿民事责任制度是笔者撰写本文的意义和目的。笔者从道德层面、经济层面、社会层面加以论述，得出构建好意同乘损害赔偿民事责任制度具有必要性，是道德与法治发展的双重需求，是经济社会良性发展的必然要求，是和谐社会的发展助力。最后笔者从立法、车辆保险制度和社会救助基金角度提出自己的建议。

　　本文通过对好意同乘损害行为法律性质、归责原则和免责事由进行研究，总结出好意同乘是一种单方施惠行为，但因造成搭乘人损害而承担赔偿责任。目前以过错原则为归责原则不仅符合法治现状，也符合好意同乘的本质特征，更是对中华民族传统美德一种激励。笔者提出个人观点和建议，期望对司法实践有抛砖引玉之用。

　　关键词：好意同乘，情谊行为，过错责任原则

　　Abstract

　　Lifts with good intentions is a kind of good deed in Chinese traditional virtueswhich refers to the behavior that the kind people invite or allow the passengers totake free rides. But in recent years, the cases of damages from good-will hitchhikingoccur frequently, and the problem of damages compensation in the civil liability hasbecome the hotspots and difficulties. This paper starts from the cases then toanalyzes the problem of good-will hitchhiking damages compensation in civilliability. In essence, good-will hitchhiking is a kind of friendship behavior, and shallbe bound by the moral constraints and norms, but once the behavior of damagehappens, it will be into the legal level, then will be intervened and adjusted by law.

　　Through the study of legal characters, imputation principle and judicial applicationof the damage behavior of good-will hitchhiking, the author puts forward sometentative suggestions to balance the legal interests between the kind and passengers.

　　The demarcation of the legal nature of good-will hitchhiking damage behavioris the premise and foundation in the discussion of this paper. Recently, thanks to thedifferent scholars hold various points of view in the concept, characters andproperties of good-will hitchhiking, then the author concludes that it has thecharacters of kindness and free of charge through the analysis of all the scholars'

　　views, and then clarifies the legal nature of this kind behavior. The kind reach ancontent agreement with passengers through providing free vehicles, in fact, this is akind of unilateral patronage behavior. If the kind cannot try their best to take theresponsibilities of protecting the securities of passengers and make them injuredduring the process of ride, then the kind should take the responsibility of civilcompensation.

　　The analysis of good-will damage behavior is just to handle the cases of it injudicial practice and to properly resole the disputes of interests between the kind andpassengers. In our country, how to carry out the civil compensation with the presentsituation of the absence of uniform legislation? The author starts from theconstitutive of good-will hitchhiking damage behavior, then elaborates and expoundsits classifications, especially those kinds of easy to fuzzy cases, which are aiming tohave a good command of good-will hitchhiking in judicial practice. Through thecomparison between the domestic and foreign legislation or the discrimination andanalysis of scholars' views, the author puts forward that fault principle is morerational in the present situation of good-will damage behavior, and based on this, theprinciple of fault offsetting and equity will be the auxiliary application. Thenindicating that the own risk should be ruled out in the exemption and limited thedisclaimers.

　　It is the significance and purpose for the author to write this paper that buildingthe system of civil liability of good-will damage compensation. The author expoundsit from the moral level, economic level and social level so that concludes thenecessity of setting up this system, it is not only the dual requirements of moral andlegal development, the inevitable requests of economic social development in benignway, but also the force of development of the harmonious society. Finally, the authorputs forward the suggestions from the angles of legislation, vehicle insurance and thesocial relief found.

　　Through the analysis of legal properties, doctrine of liability fixation andexemption, the paper concludes that good-will hitchhiking is a kind of unilateralpatronage behavior, which takes the responsibility of compensation due to the injuryof passengers. At present, fault principle as the doctrine of liability fixation, is notonly suitable for the present situation of law, and according with the instinctcharacters of good-will hitchhiking, but also a kind of inspire of Chinese traditionalvirtues. The author hopes that his point of view and suggestions can make valuablecontributions to the judicial practice.

　　Key Words:Lifts With Good Intentions, Friendship Behavior, Principle of Fault Liability
 

　　目 录

　　引 言

　　一、 好意同乘损害行为法律性质辨析

　　（一） 好意同乘的概念与特征

　　（二） 好意同乘损害行为的性质认定

　　二、 好意同乘损害赔偿的司法适用

　　（一） 好意同乘损害行为的认定

　　（二） 好意同乘损害赔偿民事责任的认定与免除

　　三、 好意同乘损害赔偿民事责任制度的构建

　　（一） 构建好意同乘损害赔偿民事责任制度的必要性

　　（二） 构建好意同乘损害赔偿民事责任制度的建议

　　结 语

　　参 考 文 献

　　致 谢