情谊行为损害赔偿研究

　　摘要

　　在生活中，人们的某些行为，如邀请别人吃饭，出国帮助朋友代买东西，为邻居提供无偿搭车。表面上看，似乎这是一种法律行为，但是毫无疑问，当事人并无想法实施法律行为，所以他们不应该受到法律的约束。由于这种行为与法律行为不同，学术界提出了“情谊行为”的概念。情谊行为是在德国法系法律行为理论构架基础上发展出的一种弥补传统理论的不足的一项理论。法律行为的核心是意思表示，而情谊行为欠缺意思表示的构成要件，不构成法律行为。

　　“情谊”二字，是该类行为的关键所在，但人们的很多行为都包含情谊因素，包含一些法律行为和事实行为等法律层面上的行为，本文中对情谊行为与法律行为、事实行为进行了界定。情谊行为，就理应让其停留在道德层面上，不能轻易用法律的枷锁去禁锢它，但如果情谊行为的过程中出现了侵犯他人合法权益的情形，法律则找到了一个很好的切入点，因为此时道德在侵权纠纷的解决中是无所作为或至少是收效甚微的。

　　情谊行为发生了损害后果，如何进行赔偿，纯经济损失是否要赔偿。情谊行为发生损害赔偿依据什么原则，当事人是否要尽相应的注意义务呢。本文认为，从法理上来说，法律调整此种情谊行为的必要性：公平原则、公序良俗原则、交易习惯。情谊行为的归责原则依据重大过错责任原则。当事人的注意义务分为三个层面（注意义务一般有 3 种不同的标准）。情谊行为发生损害时是否适用相应的免责事由，如当事人自甘冒险，因为一个人已经预见到参加某项活动可能会发生危险或者危险性极大，却选择接受或参与情谊行为，其主观上具有过错，以此作为侵权责任减轻事由也符合民法的公平原则。

　　[关键词] 情谊行为 法律行为 事实行为 归责原则 注意义务

　　Abstract

　　In life, some behaviors of the people, such as invite them to dinner, go abroad tohelp a friend bought things, offer free rides to neighbors, on the surface, seems to be alegal act, however, there is no doubt that the parties didn't mean to implement a legalbehavior. So, in general, they should not be bound by law for the behavior. To thiskind of behavior differs from legal act, academic circles put forward the concept of“friendship”. Friendship behavior is legal act in Germany law system developed onthe basis of theoretical frame of a make up for the deficiency of the traditional theoryof a theory. Is the core of the legal behavior intention, and friendship behavior lack ofintention constitutive requirements, does not constitute a legal act.

　　The word “friendship”, is the key to this kind of behavior, but many behaviorscontain friendship factor of people, including some legal act and fact act, the legallevel of typical behavior, this article on friendship behavior and legal act, factbehavior is defined.

　　Friendship behavior, you should let it stay on the moral level, the shackles ofcannot easily use the law to confine it But if friendship behavior appeared in theprocess of infringing on lawful rights and interests of others, the law is found a verygood point, because morality is nothing in the solution of the infringement, or at leasta little.

　　Friendship behavior has had the injury consequence, how to compensate,whether pure economic loss compensation. Friendship behavior damages based on theprinciples of what, whether the parties to fulfill the corresponding duty of care? Thispaper argues that, in terms of legal principle, legal adjustment behavior, the necessityof this kind of friendship: disgraceful consideration of fairness, principle, tradinghabits. Friendship behavior based on the principle of fault liability imputationprinciple. Note obligations of the parties are divided into three levels （duty of carewill typically have three different standard）。 Friendship all the damage occurs whetherto apply the principle of the corresponding liability, if the parties since the risk-taking,because one of the parties before the damage occurred, has foreseen some dangerousor as friendship behavior and to the existence of a certain risk, behavior is stilldetermined to accept or to participate in the friendship, have subjective offence and astort liability to reduce also conforms to the fair principle of civil law.

　　Key Words: friendship behavior, legal act, fact behavior, how tocompensate, note obligations

    目 录

　　导 论 ……1

　　第一章 情谊行为的概念、特征……2

　　一、情谊行为的概念……2

　　（一）定义……2

　　（二）大陆法系国家德国对情谊行为的认定……4

　　（三）我国台湾地区关于情谊行为的认定……5

　　二、情谊行为的特征……5

　　三、情谊行为是否适用法律调整？……7

　　第二章 情谊行为区别于法律行为与事实行为……8

　　一、比较情谊行为与法律行为……8

　　二、比较情谊行为与事实行为……10

　　三、情谊行为与见义勇为行为之不同……11

　　第三章 含有情谊因素的法律事实……12

　　一、无偿契约……12

　　二、无因管理……13

　　第四章 情谊行为引发的纠纷处理……14

　　一、法律调整情谊行为的条件……14

　　（一）道德与法律……14

　　（二）法律何时调整情谊行为……14

　　（三）法律调整情谊行为的必要性……16

　　（四）情谊行为导致的纯粹经济损失是否赔偿……18

　　二、情谊行为的归责……19

　　三、情谊行为的当事人注意义务……21

　　四、情谊行为的免责事由……22

　　五、建议我国立法对情谊行为进行规定……25

　　结 语 ……26

　　参考文献 ……27