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习近平与奥巴马政治演说的对比分析

来源:未知 作者:陈赛楠
发布于:2016-12-09 共11805字
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  第三章 ***与奥巴马政治演说的对比分析
  
  前两章分别从文本构建和内容构建上分析了***讲话的修辞特色。从分析中发现了***讲话具有雅俗共赏的语言特色,并且恰当地运用了逻辑诉诸、情感诉诸、人格诉诸、同情认同、对立认同和不准确认同等修辞策略,产生了异于前任国家领导的讲话风格。
  
  修辞在西方社会各个领域的实践中无处不在,它不仅不露声色地支撑着交流、传播、公关、广告及一切形式的宣传,为所有这些以象征手段调节大众看法和态度的行业提供了基础观念、总体思路和基本方法,而且在保证国家根本体制的正常运转、构筑主流意识形态、维持和增强所谓“软性权利”等事关社会和民族兴亡盛衰的要害利益上,起着举足轻重的作用。这一表现在政治领域尤甚。美国现任总统奥巴马就是个最好的例子。
  
  近年来,在英语政治语篇的修辞学研究中,美国总统奥巴马的政治演讲是一大研究热点。
  
  不少学者认为,奥巴马能够成为美国历史上第一位非洲裔总统,与他通过演讲展现出的个人魅力是分不开的。他的演讲展现出对西方修辞学传统的继承与发扬,通过语言形式和内容上的认同构建,获取了美国民众的支持。
  
  领导人的演讲是政治修辞的一种运用,通过语言符号的传递,以图影响公众,引起他们情绪上的强烈反应,支持领导人所代表的政府主体执行或倡导的执政政策,达到宣传目标。作为当今国际社会中具有重要政治影响力的两位国家元首,***和奥巴马的讲话都是国家意志的代表,在表达政治观点、宣传政治理念、形成舆论导向、建构民众认同方面都发挥了不可替代的作用。然而在国际政治舞台上,代表不同意识形态、不同文化传统和不同国家利益的两人存在着话语权的竞争。他们的讲话具有较强地可比性。
  
  吕叔湘先生说过“只有比较才能看出各种语言表现的共同之点和特殊之点。”
  
  ②本章将对***和奥巴马的讲话进行对比研究,分析两者在文本构建和内容构建中使用修辞策略的异同。按照语篇在题材、使用场合、使用对象等方面具有一致性的原则,笔者挑选了***在十八届中央政治局常委与中外记者见面时的讲话和奥巴马第一次竞选获胜后的演说进行实例分析,试图总结两位领导人在首次“亮相”的讲话中运用的修辞策略及其异同。
  
  3.1 ***当选中共中央总书记后讲话的实例分析
  
  这次讲话的原文如下:
  
  女士们,先生们,朋友们:
  
  (1)大家好!让大家久等了,很高兴同各位记者朋友见面。
  
  (2)昨天,中国共产党第十八次全国代表大会胜利闭幕了。这些天来,各位记者朋友们对这次大会作了大量报道,向世界各国传递了许多“中国声音”.
  
  大家很敬业、很专业、很辛苦,在此,我代表十八大大会秘书处,向你们表示衷心的感谢。
  
  (3)刚才,我们召开了中国共产党第十八届中央委员会第一次全体会议,会议上选举产生了新一届中央领导机构。全会选举产生了七位中央政治局常委,选举我担任中共中央总书记。接下来,我把其他六位常委同事向大家介绍一下。
  
  (4)他们是:李克强同志、张德江同志、俞正声同志、刘云山同志、王岐山同志、张高丽同志。
  
  (5)李克强同志是十七届中央政治局常委,其他同志都是十七届中央政治局委员,大家对他们都比较了解。
  
  (6)在这里,我代表新一届中央领导机构成员,衷心感谢全党同志对我们的信任。我们一定不负重托,不辱使命!
  
  (7)全党同志的重托,全国各族人民的期望,这是对我们做好工作的巨大鼓舞,也是我们肩上沉沉的担子。
  
  (8)这个重大的责任,是对民族的责任。我们的民族是伟大的民族。在五千多年的文明发展历程中,中华民族为人类的文明进步作出了不可磨灭的贡献。
  
  近代以后,我们的民族历经磨难,中华民族到了最危险的时候。自那时以来,为了实现中华民族伟大复兴,无数仁人志士奋起抗争,但一次又一次地失败了。
  
  (9)中国共产党成立后,团结带领人民前赴后继、顽强奋斗,把贫穷落后的旧中国变成日益走向繁荣富强的新中国,中华民族伟大复兴展现出前所未有的光明前景。
  
  (10)我们的责任,就是要团结带领全党全国各族人民,接过历史的接力棒,继续为实现中华民族伟大复兴而努力奋斗,使中华民族更加坚强有力地自立于世界民族之林,为人类作出新的更大的贡献。
  
  (11)这个重大的责任,就是对人民的责任。我们的人民是伟大的人民。
  
  在漫长的历史进程中,中国人民依靠自己的勤劳、勇敢、智慧,开创了民族和睦共处的美好家园,培育了历久弥新的优秀文化。
  
  (12)我们的人民热爱生活,期盼有更好的教育、更稳定的工作、更满意的收入、更可靠的社会保障、更高水平的医疗卫生服务、更舒适的居住条件、更优美的环境,期盼着孩子们能成长得更好、工作得更好、生活得更好。人民对美好生活的向往,就是我们的奋斗目标。
  
  (13)人世间的一切幸福都是要靠辛勤的劳动来创造的。我们的责任,就是要团结带领全党全国各族人民,继续解放思想,坚持改革开放,不断解放和发展社会生产力,努力解决群众的生产生活困难,坚定不移走共同富裕的道路。
  
  (14)这个重大的责任,就是对党的责任。我们的党是全心全意为人民服务的政党。党领导人民已经取得了举世瞩目的成就,我们完全有理由因此而自豪,但我们自豪而不自满,决不会躺在过去的功劳簿上。
  
  (15)新形势下,我们党面临着许多严峻挑战,党内存在着许多亟待解决的问题。尤其是一些党员干部中发生的贪污腐败、脱离群众、形式主义、官僚主义等问题,必须下大气力解决。全党必须警醒起来。
  
  (16)打铁还需自身硬。我们的责任,就是同全党同志一道,坚持党要管党、从严治党,切实解决自身存在的突出问题,切实改进工作作风,密切联系群众,使我们的党始终成为中国特色社会主义事业的坚强领导核心。
  
  (17)人民是历史的创造者,群众是真正的英雄。人民群众是我们力量的源泉。我们深深知道:每个人的力量是有限的,但只要我们万众一心,众志成城,就没有克服不了的困难;每个人的工作时间是有限的,但全心全意为人民服务是无限的。
  
  (18)责任重于泰山,事业任重道远。我们一定要始终与人民心心相印、与人民同甘共苦、与人民团结奋斗,夙夜在公,勤勉工作,努力向历史、向人民交一份合格的答卷。
  
  (19)记者朋友们,中国需要更多地了解世界,世界也需要更多地了解中国。希望你们今后要继续为增进中国与世界各国的相互了解作出努力和贡献。
  
  谢谢大家!
  
  ***总书记在开场的问候语中用一句“让大家久等了”显示对在场记者朋友们的尊重,以一种与在场听众平等的姿态,减少了因***自身社会地位和政治场合而对听众带来的“压迫感”和严肃性。紧接着用“很敬业、很专业、很辛苦”三个并列词语表达了对于现场听众--记者朋友们的辛勤工作的感谢之意,进一步缩短了听众与***总书记的距离,为会场营造了轻松自然的氛围。通过调节“权力”在政治修辞活动中的彰显程度,诉诸极具亲和力的修辞人格。
  
  2-6段,***总书记按照此类讲话的惯例,介绍了新一届领导集体的成员。介绍时,他采用了谈话式的语气,延续了开头亲切随和的风格。随后,向中国乃至全世界的听众做出了庄严的履职承诺。“不负重托,不辱使命”两个并列四字短语既显庄重真诚的态度、又言简意赅地表达了语义,能够很好地吸引听众的注意力,使人产生信服感。
  
  7-17段是讲话的主体部分。这部分围绕关键词“责任”展开了三个部分的叙述,逻辑清晰地阐述了新一届领导集体的责任。三个部分用“这个重大的责任,就是对……的责任”这一句式引出了句法上的排比结构,由大到小、由宏观到具体地分析了摆在新一届领导集体面前的形势。再用“我们的责任,就是……”构成了第二个排比结构,一一对应地阐述了面对每种形势,新一届领导集体应该承担的责任和总体的工作方向。前一个排比结构的内容为后一个排比结构构建了具体完善的修辞情景,也为“责任”的产生提供了强大地修辞动机。语义连贯、逻辑清晰、通俗易懂的表达方式,产生了一种平衡、韵律的听觉感受,使民众能够更加准确地把握讲话主旨。在“对民族的责任”这一部分中,***总书记简明扼要地陈述了中华民族的历史、近代中国的苦难、以及中国共产党为改变中国落后面貌所做的努力。诉诸这些历史事实以及对“中华民族”的强调,向听众展现中国共产党为实现民族的伟大复兴做出的努力,激起了民众的民族自豪感,使民众对中国新一届领导集体承担历史重任、继续推动国家发展充满信心。在“对人民的责任”这一部分中。聚焦民众的需求。在高度评价人民对国家发展、文化形成的作用的同时,用平实的话语描述了人民的期望,唤起民众的内心共鸣。其中,“我们的人民热爱生活,期盼有更好的教育、更稳定的工作……生活得更好”一句,实实在在贴合国内民众的需求,让民众感受到新一届中央领导集体对他们所想所需的理解与关心。在“对党的责任”这一部分中,毫不避讳地直击党内存在的问题,运用对立认同的方式向民众传达腐败问题是中国共产党和广大人民群众的共同敌人,表达了治理腐败的决心和信心,重塑了民众对党的信任和对反腐工作的支持。俗语“打铁还需自身硬”意思是指作为一个铁匠必须“自身硬”,才能打出坚固耐用的铁器。“打铁”是古代与老百姓生活息息相关的活动,用通俗地话语表明了对于党的建设方面的态度和观点。
  
  之后***用“责任重于泰山,事业任重道远”对偶句过渡。然后采用短小精悍句式和类义词的平行结构再次向人民群众庄严承诺。这样的句法结构让语言内涵全面深刻、形式整齐美观、表达铿锵有力,使听众快速接受和认可。最后用平实的语言对现场的记者朋友们(听众)客观地传播“中国声音”提出希望。
  
  在这次讲话中,“我”只出现在***总书记感谢在场记者和做出个人承若的时候,而对“我们”一词进行了频繁而巧妙的使用。“我们”一词共出现22次,并被赋予了更为丰富、广泛的内涵。在这里“我们”主要指称新一届中央领导集体,同时***总书记将“我们”扩展到整个政党乃至整个国家和民族。除了明确指代新当选的中央政治局常委外,讲话中还有一些语句利用“我们”一词指代的广泛性,将广大的普通党员以及众多党外人士纳入同一范畴,如“我们的民族历经磨难”、“我们的人民热爱生活”、“我们完全有理由因此而自豪,但我们自豪而不自满”等。这里的“我们”不再特指中共中央领导集体,而从民族、国家、共产党的层面,一方面模糊了“中国共产党”与“中国”、“中华民族”的界限,暗示中国共产党与整个国家民族的命运休戚相关,与广大人民群众血肉相连;另一方面将党内广大的普通党员与中央领导集体联系起来,使普通党员产生与中央共担责任、共同面对挑战的整体意识。这种“我们”的泛化使民众感受到自己也属于“我们”之中,从而在潜意识里将自己与中国共产党及其新一届中央领导集体置于同一立场,增强了亲近感,产生强烈的归属与认同。
  
  3.2 奥巴马第一次竞选获胜演说的实例分析
  
  讲话原文如下:
  
  Hello,Chicago.
  
  (1)If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where allthings are possible; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is a live in ourtime; who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.
  
  (2)It's the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches innumbers this nation has never seen; by people who waited three hours and four hours,many for the very first time in their lives, because they believed that this time must bedifferent; that their voice could be that difference.
  
  (3)It's the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat andRepublican, black, white, Latino, Asian, Native American, gay, straight, disabled andnot disabled – Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been acollection of Red States and Blue States: we are, and always will be, the United Statesof America.
  
  (4)It's the answer that led those who have been told for so long by so many to becynical, and fearful, and doubtful of what we can achieve to put their hands on the arcof history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day.
  
  (5)It's been a long time coming, but tonight, because of what we did on this day, inthis election, at this defining moment, change has come to America.
  
  (6)I just received a very gracious call from Senator McCain. He fought long andhard in this campaign, and he's fought even longer and harder for the country he loves.
  
  He has endured sacrifices for America that most of us cannot begin to imagine, andwe are better off for the service rendered by this brave and selfless leader. Icongratulate him and Governor Palin for all they have achieved, and I look forward toworking with them to renew this nation's promise in the months ahead.
  
  (7)I want to thank my partner in this journey, a man who campaigned from his heartand spoke for the men and women he grew up with on the streets of Scranton androde with on that train home to Delaware, the Vice President-elect of the UnitedStates, Joe Biden.
  
  (8)I would not be standing here tonight without the unyielding support of my bestfriend for the last sixteen years, the rock of our family and the love of my life, ournation's next First Lady, Michelle Obama. Sasha and Malia, I love you both so much,and you have earned the new puppy that's coming with us to the White House. Andwhile she's no longer with us, I know my grandm other is watching, along with thefamily that made me who I am. I miss them tonight, and know that my debt to them isbeyond measure.
  
  (9)To my campaign manager David Plouffe, my chief strategist DavidAxelrod, andthe best campaign team ever assembled in the history of politics – you made thishappen, and I am forever grateful for what you've sacrificed to get it done.
  
  (10)But above all, I will never forget who this victory truly belongs to – it belongsto you.
  
  (11)I was never the likeliest candidate for this office. We didn't start with muchmoney or many endorsements. Our campaign was not hatched in the halls ofWashington – it began in the backyards of Des Moines and the living rooms ofConcord and the front porches of Charleston.
  
  (12)It was built by working men and women who dug into what little savings theyhad to give five dollars and ten dollars and twenty dollars to this cause. It grewstrength from the young people who rejected the myth of their generation's apathy;who left their homes and their families for jobs that offered little pay and less sleep;from the not-so-young people who braved the bitter cold and scorching heat to knockon the doors of perfect strangers; from the millions of Americans who volunteered,and organized, and proved that more than two centuries later, a government of thepeople, by the people and for the people has not perished from this Earth. This is yourvictory.
  
  (13)I know you didn't do this just to win an election and I know you didn't do it forme. You did it because you understand the enormity of the task that lies ahead. Foreven as we celebrate tonight, we know the challenges that tomorrow will bring are thegreatest of our lifetime – two wars, a planet in peril, the worst financial crisis in acentury. Even as we stand here tonight, we know there are brave Americans wakingup in the deserts of Iraq and the mountains of Afghanistan to risk their lives for us.
  
  There are mothers and fathers who will lie awake after their children fall asleep andwonder how they'll make the mortgage, or pay their doctor's bills, or save enough forcollege. There is new energy to harness and new jobs to be created; new schools tobuild and threats to meet and alliances to repair.
  
  (14)The road ahead will be long. Our climb will be steep. We may not get there inone year or even one term, but America – I have never been more hopeful than I amtonight that we will get there. I promise you – we as a people will get there.
  
  (15)There will be set backs and false starts. There are many who won't agree withevery decision or policy I make as President, and we know that government can'tsolve every problem. But I will always be honest with you about the challenges weface. I will listen to you, especially when we disagree. And above all, I will ask youjoin in the work of remaking this nation the only way it's been done in America fortwo-hundred and twenty-one years – block by block, brick by brick, calloused handby calloused hand.
  
  (16)What began twenty-one months ago in the depths of winter must not end on thisautumn night. This victory alone is not the change we seek – it is only the chance forus to make that change. And that cannot happen if we go back to the way things were.
  
  It cannot happen without you.
  
  (17)So let us summon a new spirit of patriotism; of service and responsibility whereeach of us resolves to pitch in and work harder and look after not onlyourselves, buteach other. Let us remember that if this financial crisis taught us anything, it's that wecannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers – in this country, we riseor fall as one nation; as one people.
  
  (18)Let us resist the temptation to fall back on the same partisanship and pettinessand immaturity that has poisoned our politics for so long. Let us remember that it wasa man from this state who first carried the banner of the Republican Party to theWhite House – a party founded on the values of self-reliance, individual liberty, andnational unity. Those are values we all share, and while the Democratic Party has wona great victory tonight, we do so with a measure of humility and determination to healthe divides that have held back our progress. As Lincoln said to a nation far moredivided than ours, “We are not enemies, but friends…though passion may havestrained it must not break our bonds of affection.” And to those Americans whosesupportI have yet to earn – I may not have won your vote, but I hear your voices,Ineed your help, and I will be your President too.
  
  (19)And to all those watching tonight from beyond our shores, from parliamentsand palaces to those who are huddled around radios in the forgotten corners of ourworld – our stories are singular, but our destiny is shared, and a new dawn ofAmerican leadership is at hand. To those who would tear this world down – we willdefeat you. To those who seek peace and security – we support you. And to all thosewho have wondered if America's beacon still burns as bright – tonight we provedonce more that the true strength of our nation comes not from our the might of ourarms or the scale of our wealth, but from the enduring power of our ideals: democracy,liberty, opportunity, and unyielding hope.
  
  (20)For that is the true genius ofAmerica – thatAmerica can change. Our union canbe perfected. And what we have already achieved gives us hope for what we can andmust achieve tomorrow.
  
  (21)This election had many firsts and many stories that will be told for generations.
  
  But one that's on my mind tonight is about a woman who cast her ballot in Atlanta.
  
  She's a lot like the millions of others who stood in line to make their voice heard inthis election except for one thing – Ann Nixon Cooper is 106 years old.
  
  (22)She was born just a generation past slavery; a time when there were no cars onthe road or planes in the sky; when someone like her couldn't vote for two reasons –because she was a woman and because of the color of her skin.
  
  (23)And tonight, I think about all that she's seen throughout her century inAmerica– the heartache and the hope; the struggle and the progress; the times we were toldthat we can't, and the people who pressed on with that American creed: Yes we can.Ata time when women's voices were silenced and theirhopes dismissed, she lived to seethem stand up and speak out and reach forthe ballot. Yes we can.
  
  (24)When there was despair in the dust bowl and depression across the land, shesaw a nation conquer fear itself with a New Deal, new jobs and a new sense ofcommon purpose. Yes we can.
  
  (25)When the bombs fell on our harbor and tyranny threatened the world, she wasthere to witness a generation rise to greatness and a democracy was saved. Yes wecan.
  
  (26)She was there for the buses in Montgomery, the hoses in Birmingham, a bridgein Selma, and a preacher from Atlanta who told a people that “We Shall Overcome.”Yes we can.
  
  (27)A man touched down on the moon, a wall came down in Berlin, a world wasconnected by our own science and imagination. And this year, in this election, shetouched her finger to a screen, and cast her vote, because after 106 years in America,through the best of times and the darkest of hours, she knows how America canchange. Yes we can.
  
  (28)America, we have come so far. We have seen so much. But there is so muchmore to do. So tonight, let us ask ourselves – if our children should live to see thenext century; if my daughters should be so lucky to live as long as Ann Nixon Cooper,what change will they see? What progress will we have made?
  
  (29)This is our chance to answer that call. This is our moment. This is our time– toput our people back to work and open doors of opportunity for our kids; to restoreprosperity and promote the cause of peace; to reclaim the American Dream andreaffirm that fundamental truth – that out of many, we are one; that while we breathe,we hope, and where we are met with cynicism, and doubt, and those who tell us thatwe can't, we will respond with that timeless creed that sums up the spirit of a people:
  
  (30)Yes We Can. Thank you, God bless you, and may God Bless the United Statesof America.
  
  奥巴马在演讲的一开头不是直接称呼“我的朋友们”或“女士们、先生们”之类,一句“Hello,Chicago”便与众不同。以城市名代替称呼,突出了包括奥巴马自己在内的所有听众这一整体,采取同情认同的策略直接打动了在场听众。奥巴马在第一段开头,用三个“如果”引出话题,最后用一句“你们今晚正是对那些疑问作出了回答”,通过这三个反复,首先表明了美国的伟大,再次强调了自己的当选完全是大多数美国公民的认同,他的当选是广大人民的胜利,最后让听众有了“我们的总统、人民的政府、为人民的政府”诞生了的共鸣。
  
  2-4 段中使用了多组长排比句,描述了人们排长队投票的场景,诉诸“民主”共同的价值观,向全社会各层次人们全部列举出来向所有人宣告:美国在发生改变,美国会因为他的当选而发生改变,美国仍然充满希望和活力,美国因为所有人的融合而强大。
  
  其中,“我们是,我们永远是美利坚合众国”是极度富有感染力的,演讲在这里达到第一个高潮,表明在这个特殊时期,美利坚全体民众要团结一致,努力奋斗,解除金融危机,重建美国繁荣的决心和信心。
  
  5-9 段奥巴马充分表达了对家庭、助选团队的感谢,展现了奥巴马重视亲情、具有团队精神、具有感恩之心等道德优势,树立了符合美国民众标准的修辞人格,打动了在场听众。同时他高度赞扬了自己的竞选对手美国共和党总统候选人麦凯恩参议员,而且是极其诚恳和足够力度的评价,不带半点讽刺。我们不仅能看到这些赞扬,更能看到他的风度与尊重,当然,这么完美的对手同样可以起到肯定自己的作用。这里,奥巴马不仅得到了麦凯恩的认同,更得到了全体民众的认同。10-12 段话锋一转,将感谢的对象转到了所有选民(听众)身上。“But”一词包含对本句内容的突出强调。奥巴马在此描述了选民为自己的竞选奔走呼告的具体场景,用极富感情的语言表达了自己的谢意,用自己的情感渲染讲话的气氛,感染了在场的听众,使其认为自己的选择是正确的。将自己的胜利等同于选民的胜利,继续诉诸情感,构筑他与听众们的共同立场,激发了听众们因“自己的胜利”而产生的喜悦感。接下来了奥巴马此次演说的主体部分。在这一部分中,最为突出的特点在于奥巴马抓住了民众对于社会生活和精神领域最强烈的需求、积极和消极的情绪进行情感诉诸。
  
  首先他用事实说明了美国当前在经济发展、政治生活和外交中存在的问题,激发了听众的消极情绪;其次,承诺他将用服务和牺牲精神使人们看到,与每个人息息相关的经济、就业、医疗、教育、社会保障等方面将发生有利于民众的改变,并且突出了在他的领导下美国将重新确立“美国梦”,激发了民众的自豪感和热情。再次,通过诉诸民主、自由、机会、不屈服的共同价值观去说服没有为他投票的选民。最后,围绕“改变”这一主题,奥巴马在演说中讲述了一位黑人百岁妇女的事例,用这位老人自身获得投票权及其人生经历证明美国过去的进步与改变,用她的选择证明奥巴马可以带给美国新的改变。连续五次重复使用“Yes We Can”,大大增强了语言的感染力和说服力,强调了美国实现改变的可能性。论据充足的逻辑、情感充沛的语言、极富感染力的内容淋漓尽致地展现了奥巴马对于修辞策略的掌控能力,最大限度地发挥了政治语篇的力量,成功地获得民众对于他的支持和拥护。
  
  最后再来分析这篇演讲的人称代词。在这篇获胜演讲中,使用得最多的是第一人称代词,尤其是第一人称复数代词“we”,及它的变体:“us,our”等。“we”共计使用47次,“us”12次,“our”27次,合计87次。不少情形下,第二人称代词“you”的使用都由第一人称代词所代替。假定“我们”(we,us)一词是奥巴马无意识的选择,是一种取得各类听众认同的无意识的方式。大量使用“我们”等同于说我们享有某些共同的特质,我们有共同的观点。大量使用“we”就等于把讲话人放到听话人的同一立场之上,让听话人感觉自己与演讲者有着共同的利益,或更精确地说,是把听话人拉到了自己的一边,这样一来就会使听众感到更亲切,就更容易赢得听众的支持。分析演讲稿,我们还发现“you”、“your”的出现使听众感觉到自己就是那个“you”,不自觉地和新总统“we”开始对话,听众和总统间的距离不知不觉就缩小了。当演讲者用“we”任的新一届总统抱有很高的期望值,希望他能“解决能源危机,修复与许多国家的关系,并将美国从经济危机的泥沼中带出来”.奥巴马通过“we”与“I”的成功置换,达到了“前面的路还很长、很艰辛,我需要你们的参与”的效果,实现了自己与听众的“同一”,从而树立了一个锐意改革、人民至上的新一代美国领导人形象,使演讲具有煽动性。
  
  3.3 小结:对比分析
  
  通过上述对两篇演讲的实例分析,笔者认为***与奥巴马的政治演讲在修辞上具有以下异同点:
  
  首先两者的演说中都大量使用了平行的句法结构,使话语语义突出,演讲词读起来琅琅上口,充满节奏感。奥巴马演讲中的平行结构通常由相同的头韵和尾韵,这使得奥巴马的讲话在语音上形成了韵律,能够吸引听众的注意力。***讲话中的平行结构在语音上虽没有突出双声或叠韵的特点,但是构成平行结构的成分都是字数相同、结构一致的短语,整齐简洁、朗朗上口、语义突出,同样起到吸引听众注意力的作用。
  
  其次,在演讲中都运用了排比、反复、递进等可以增强演讲的气势,对内容起强调作用的辞格。***的讲话中“这个重大的责任,就是对……的责任”与“我们的责任,就是……”构成了两个排比。奥巴马的演说中运用“Yes We Can”五个排比段落等。
  
  再次,为达到与听众的“同一”,都运用了“三大诉诸”和“三种认同”的修辞策略。***和奥巴马的演说中都陈述了社会现实来增强话语的逻辑说服力;都针对民众的需求进行情感诉诸,使民众相信能够获得更好的物质或精神生活;都在讲话中强调了民族或国家的概念,激发民众的民族自豪感。奥巴马的演说更加偏重于情感诉诸,善于激发听众积极或消极的情绪,帮助同一的实现,对于反对自己的人们通过诉诸共同利益的基础上进行同一;相比之下,***的讲话更倾向于语言的逻辑说服力,在反腐的问题上采取了对立认同的策略,最为突出的特点是在演说中通过诉诸极富亲和力的修辞人格拉近与听众的距离。
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