传统调解制度与中国传统社会的关系研究

　　摘 要

　　社会是所有观念形成之前提，是所有制度构建的基础。特定时期的社会，其所涵盖的各种因素影响着特定时代的司法制度与司法实践。同时，富于时代特质与精神内涵的司法制度与实践对于社会的发展也其了一定的推动作用。纠纷作为一种社会现象，其表现形式与特定的物质生活水平、社会经济发展状况以及特定地域的风俗文化底蕴相涉，古今中外皆是如此。然，纠纷产生必然对特定历史范畴内的人民生活以及社会秩序甚至于整个领域内的安定产生破坏，因此解决纠纷成为必然。

　　调解是最古老的纠纷解决方式之一，中国传统调解制度植根于中国传统社会的“地方性知识”.调解制度是我国最具有文化意蕴，富于文化内涵的司法制度，历史上曾经出现官府调解、乡治调解、宗族调解、民间调解等多种形式的调解。

　　尽管法治是现代社会的基础，法治社会中，对于纠纷的解决司法是基本原则，但是司法并不是唯一途径，对于某些类型纠纷的解决，调解作为纠纷解决方式其效果更符合社会的需求。

　　近年来调解被社会各界推崇到前所未有的高度，但是对于“调解”的认知，大多仅仅习惯于对其功能意义上进行释义而忽略其所扎根的历史背景，笔者认为这是不可行的。调解是人类文明发展到一定阶段的产物，人类的任何文明最终都将回归到对社会问题的研究中。从古至今人类社会的任何行为，无论其表面上与社会相隔多远，它们最终都将回溯至社会。因此不论是调解传统的价值追求、调解原则抑或是具体的调解规范、调解的司法程序，社会都是其根源所在。本文的核心就在于探析传统调解之于中国传统社会之内在联系。

　　调解是一种根源特定社会经济、政治、文化背景下一种特殊文化现象；传统社会生活状态与调解是一种联动机制，调解作为一种纠纷解决方式是中国传统熟人社会生活状态下的理性选择。传统调解与现今调解制度在法律价值追求上具有继承性，因此论证传统中国调解之正当性以及其不足对于我国现今调解制度的完善也有着一定的借鉴意义。对此，笔者从中国古代社会发轫，凭借法社会学的分析方法，通过对社会结构、政治制度以及文化关系的考察着手对于中国古代传统社会土壤上的纠纷解决方式--调解作出法社会学评析。

　　关键词： 传统调解；政治制度；地域文化；调解正当性

　　ABSTRACT

　　Society is the foundation of system's structure. The form of man ' s thought mainlydepends on absorbing the experience of the society. A specified period of social factorsinfluence the judicial system and judicial practice. While the fundamental spirit of thejudicial system and judicial practice reacts to the continuation and development of thesociety.

　　Disputes as a social phenomenon, its form of expression always associated with thematerial life level, social and economic development and specific regional culture andcustoms. Recalling the history, both abroad and home, none can be exceptional. There isno doubt that the generation of disputes cause harm to people's life and social order. Sothat resolve disputes become inevitable. As we all know that Mediation is one of themost ancient way to settle disputes. The Chinese traditional mediation system is a kindof “local knowledge” which rooted in Chinese traditional society. From ancient times tomodern time, mediation is an important mechanism in our country evolved from civilmediation, civil mediation approved by the government, government mediation tomodern people's mediation, administrative mediating and court mediation. Although theform and content are different to some extent, China's old mediation tradition has beenkept all the time. Although the rule of law is the foundation of the modern society, thejudge trial in accordance with the law is the basic principle to solve this dispute. But thetrial is not the only path. In a particular situation, the effect of the mediation conforms tothe requirements of society better than other dispute settlement mechanism.

　　In recent years, the mediation as a dispute resolution mechanism attract extensiveattention. Our perception of mediation can't just focus on its surface. At present, theacademic circles some scholars understanding of mediation too one-sided, they can notgrasp the essence and characteristics of mediation system. The conciliation procedure isthe product of human civilization development. And any human civilization will finallyreturn to the problem of human civilization. This paper studies the relationship betweenthe traditional mediation system and the civilization of the ancient China.

　　There are their deep philosophical and social background in the establishment anddevelopment of the ancient mediating system in China. Mediation originates from thelegal culture without litigation, reflects the ideal of ancient ruler on setting up aharmonious society. Mediating system adapts to family's society of patriarchal clansystem under small-scale peasant economy in China. Meanwhile, it is an importantapproach that ruler of feudal society implements his political regime that “Emphasizingmoral education and complemented by penalty”. Above all Mediation is a a specialcultural phenomenon based on specific social economic, political and culturalbackground.In this article, the author's dissertation aims is to study the Mediation basedon sociology of law.

　　Key words: The traditional mediation; Political system; Culture; The legitimate ofmediation
 

　　目 录

　　第一章 绪 论

　　第一节 研究的背景及意义

　　第二节 国内外研究理论综述：调解研究的基本路径及其问题

　　第三节 研究内容、方法及创新点

　　第二章 中国传统调解概述

　　第一节 传统社会调解的概念厘定

　　第二节 传统调解产生与发展

　　第三节 传统调解的分类

　　第三章 传统调解正当性论证

　　第一节 传统调解四重语境

　　第二节 社会语境下中国传统熟人社会调解之实践

　　第三节 传统调解之要素解构

　　第四章 传统社会调解的评价与反思

　　第一节 传统调解之合理性与局限性

　　第二节 传统调解之现代性反思

　　第三节 现代调解制度构建之完善

　　结 语

　　参考文献

　　致 谢