离婚家庭中未成年子女监护权问题探究

　　摘要

　　本文以离婚父母对未成年子女的监护权问题为研究对象，以司法实务中存在的具体问题为导向，从父母监护权的基础理论出发，以国外离婚父母监护权的行使模式为借鉴，理论联系实际，具体分析了我国立法对离婚父母监护权行使规定的不足和法律未作规定的具体问题，从立法论和解释论的立场为完善我国离婚父母对未成年子女的监护权的行使、保护子女健康成长的环境提出意见和建议。

　　文章第一部分阐述了未成年人监护的基础理论。笔者通过厘清监护权的概念和未成年子女监护的类型，并对相关类似概念进行了区别，指出了父母对未成年子女的监护与成年人的监护、亲权以及抚养权是不同的，明确了本文讨论的范围限于监护权。同时指出我国目前立法将监护与亲权未加区分、以及立法上抚养、监护用词模糊的做法存在缺陷。

　　文章第二部分介绍了世界各国离婚后父母监护权行使的三种模式，即父母共同监护模式、单方监护模式、单方监护和共同监护并举模式。并对其代表国家的立法情况进行了介绍。经比较得出，共同监护模式和单方监护模式均具有不可克服的缺点，不能体现子女最佳利益原则。而采取并举模式则可以扬长避短，发挥两种模式的优点，更好地维护子女的利益。接着，对我国现行立法和司法实务中关于离婚后父母对子女行使监护权问题的规定和处理进行了分析，得出我国采取的父母共同行使监护权立法模式存在缺陷，指出确定良好的监护模式是解决一切问题的出发点和关键点。由此借鉴外国立法，将“子女最佳利益原则”确立为我国监护权归属的最高原则，建议我国从立法上采用共同行使和单独行使并举的监护模式，区分个案加以确定。

　　文章第三部分详细阐述了未成年子女监护权的具体内容与行使，分析了离婚父母对未成年子女监护权行使的三个具体问题。在实践中，子女重大问题决定权、子女侵权后监护人责任承担、离婚继父母与未成年继子女的监护关系等问题在我国立法中未得到详细规定或没有引起足够重视，造成司法实务的混乱。因此提出完善监护权行使的法律制度，以立法方式进一步规定事关子女切身利益的重大决定权应由父母双方协商决定，提出协商不一致时的处理方式，细化子女侵权后离婚父母双方责任承担问题，规定离婚继父母与子女的监护关系应首先征求继父母的意愿并考察其与继子女的关系进行确定。此外，我国立法规定离婚后对子女享有探望权的一方仅为父母，笔者认为这一探望权主体的规定过于狭窄，不利于子女的健康成长，应该予以扩大，将探望权的主体扩大到子女的的祖父母、外祖父母。

　　[关键词]:监护权 离婚父母 子女最佳利益原则 监护权行使模式

　　Abstract

　　In this paper, the research object focuses on the custody problems of thedivorced parents' minor children .It is oriented in the existing problems in thejudicial practice, starting from the basic theory of parental custody, to conduct theirforeign parents divorced custody mode for reference, linking theory with practice,concrete analysis of concrete problems of our legislative provisions for exercisedivorced parents custody of the insufficiency and the law does not make provisions,according to the theory of legislation and interpretation for perfecting our country'sparents divorced the guardianship of minor children of the exercise of the right toprotect the healthy growth of children, the environment, put forward opinions andsuggestions.

　　The first part expounds the basic theory of guardianship of minors. The authortries to clarify the concept of guardianship of minors and the type of child custody,and tell the difference of similar concepts, therefore points out that the parents carefor minor custody, adults and children's parental rights and custody is different, aclear scope is limited to the monitoring power is discussed in this paper. In this paper,there are defects existing in China's current legislation, guardianship and paternitywithout distinction, and custody, guardianship legislation practice of fuzzy wordswith.

　　The second part of the article introduces three kinds of models in the worldafter the divorce parental exercise of the right of parents, namely joint custody （JointCustody） mode, unilateral monitoring （Sole Custody） nursing mode, unilateralcustody and joint custody simultaneously mode. And legislation situation about theirnational representatives are introduced. After compared, joint custody mode andsingle mode of custody has insurmountable shortcomings, cannot reflect theprinciple of the best interests of the child. Taken simultaneously mode can avoidweaknesses, play to the advantages of two kinds of mode, better safeguard theinterests of the children. Then, the provisions concerning the divorce of parents onchildren's custody problems of China's current legislation and judicial practice andprocessing has carried on the analysis, obtains our country take parents joint custodymode of legislation defects, points out that the determination of monitoring model isa good starting point and key points to solve all problems. The reference to foreignlegislation, “the principle of the best interests of the child will be established as thehighest principle in our custody, suggestions in China from legislation to adoptcommon exercise and exercise alone care mode, to distinguish the case to bedetermined.

　　The third part of this paper expounds in detail the contents of minor childrenguardianship and exercise, analyzes three specific problems of minor childrenguardianship of exercising the rights of divorced parents. In practice, the majorproblems of children, children the right to decide infringement Guardianresponsibility, divorced parents and minor stepchild of the guardianship relationsand other issues in the legislation of our country has not been detailed provisions ornot caused enough attention, resulting in confusion in the judicial practice. Thereforethe legal system perfect the guardianship of exercising the rights, by way oflegislation stipulates further major decisions concerning the vital interests ofchildren's rights should be both parents decided in consultation, provides aprocessing method of negotiation is not consistent, refine the children after thedivorce parents infringement responsibility problem, stipulates divorced aftermonitoring the relationship between parents and children shall first seek after theirparents willingness and investigate its and stepchildren relations are determined. Inaddition, China's legislative provisions after the divorce on children enjoy the rightto visit the party only for the parents, the author thinks that the provisions of thevisitation right subject is too narrow and not conducive to the healthy growth ofchildren, should be expanded, the body will expand to the right to visit the children'sgrandparents, grandparents.

　　Key words: Custody; Divorced parents; The principle of the bestinterests of the child; Custody mode
 

　　目 录

　　引 言……1

　　第一章 未成年子女监护的基础理论 ……2

　　第一节 未成年子女监护的概念与类型……2

　　一、未成年子女监护的概念……2

　　二、未成年子女监护的类型……3

　　第二节 未成年子女监护与相关概念的比较……5

　　一、未成年人监护和成年人监护的比较……5

　　二、未成年子女监护与扶养的比较……6

　　三、未成年子女监护权与亲权的比较……7

　　第二章 离婚父母对未成年子女监护的 立法模式问题……9

　　第一节 离婚父母对未成年子女监护的三种立法模式……9

　　一、离婚父母对未成年子女监护的三种立法模式……9

　　二、离婚父母对未成年子女监护模式的利弊分析……11

　　第二节 我国离婚父母对未成年子女监护的立法模式分析……13

　　一、我国离婚父母对未成年子女监护的立法模式……13

　　二、我国离婚父母对未成年子女监护模式的选择建议……14

　　第三章 离婚父母对未成年子女监护权的行使问题……17

　　第一节 未成年子女监护权的内容和行使……17

　　一、未成年子女监护权的内容……17

　　二、我国关于离婚父母对未成年子女监护权的行使……18

　　第二节 相关实务问题分析……20

　　一、未成年子女重大事项决定权的行使……20

　　二、未成年子女致人损害时离婚父母的责任承担……22

　　三、离婚继父母与未成年继子女的监护问题……23

　　第三节 离婚后非直接抚养方探望权的行使问题……24

　　一、探望权之基础理论……24

　　二、我国现行立法关于探望权之规定与不足……24

　　三、确立祖父母、外祖父母探望权之权利主体地位……24

　　结 语……27

　　参考文献……29