摘 要
余华是一个不安份的作家，他的小说不断为我们带来惊喜。从温柔如川端康成般细腻的作品《星星》、《竹女》，到荒诞冷酷的《十八岁出门远行》、《现实一种》，再到温情与绝望纠结的《活着》、《许三观卖血记》，或是最新出版的被嘲讽为“新闻通稿”的《第七天》，余华总是在自我的文学道路上不断超越自己。转型，成为余华的一个重要标签。然而不变的是余华一颗赤诚的关注现实、认识现实并试图揭示现实的真实的心。尽然被揭穿了的现实是千疮百孔的、令人沮丧的，但总比被虚假遮蔽的欣欣向荣更能唤起人性的回归，也更能警醒民众捡起被遗失的善良。这对于悲剧频发，信任缺失的当下社会，具有极为重要的现实意义。
余华的作品在叙事形式上是“虚伪”的，但其内在精神是真实的，也可以说，他的小说通过某种“虚伪的形式”揭示了现实生活深层的绝望与温情。1990 年代，余华发表了他的重要长篇小说《活着》和《许三观卖血记》，这两部作品奠定了余华在新时期文坛上的地位，也确立了他独特的叙事风格和精神基调。
“苦难”和“温情”是余华小说创作的两大母题，也是余华小说主题研究的主要方向。笔者在认真研读余华小说文本和相关研究成果的基础上，确认“苦难”是余华小说创作的生活基调，“温情”则是余华小说创作的感情基调，“苦难”与“温情”的双重基调构成了余华小说创作的主题模式。“苦难”往往使余华笔下的人生陷入绝望的境地，而“温情”则成为“受难者”自我拯救与苦中作乐的立命之本。基于这样的思考，本文以“温情的绝望”为基点切入余华的小说创作，将研究文本限定在《活着》和《许三观卖血记》两部长篇小说，由这两部作品延展余华创作的“苦难”母题，生发出小说主人公的绝望与挣扎，阐述小说人物的宿命意识，从生活中的苦难和死亡的威胁等方面，阐释“苦难”的绝望与“温情”的“活着”的生命内涵，揭示余华笔下的芸芸众生承受苦难的倔强和关爱人间的温情之美。
关键词：余华；苦难；温情；绝望
Abstract
Yu Hua is a restless writer whose novels constantly bring us surprise. From theworks Stars, Bamboo Girl which are as tender and delicate as Kawabata Yasunari'sworks , to the cold Go out to Travel at 18“, A Kind of Reality, and then to the worksfilled with struggle of warmth and despair, To Live, Chronicle of a Blood Merchant,or the latest published The Seventh Day which is mocked as ”press release“, Yu Huais always surpassing himself on his literary way. Transformation becomes animportant label of Yu Hua. However, what never changes is that Yu Hua has a sincereattention to reality, understands it and tries to reveal the real heart of reality. Althoughthe revealed reality is riddled with holes and frustrating, it is much better than thefalse prosperity. The revealed reality can evoke the return of human nature, and evenalert people to pick up the lost kindness, which is very significant to the presentsociety that is full of tragedy but lack of trust.
Yu Hua' s works are ” hypocritical“ in the narrative form, but its inner spirit isreal;in other words, his novels reveal the deep despair and warmth in the real life insome ”hypocritical“form . In the 1990s, Yu Hua published his two important novels,To Live and Chronicle of a Blood Merchant, and these two works established hisstatus in the literary world of the new period, and also established his unique narrativestyle and spirit.
”Suffering “and ”warmth“ are not only the two motifs of Yu Hua's works of fictionbut the main direction of his subject research. On the basis of having studied hard inthe text and relevant research results, the author confirmed that suffering is Yu Hua'snovel creation life tone while warmth is the emotional tone. The dual tone of sufferingand warmth constitutes the theme of Yu Hua novel creation mode. Suffering oftenmakes the Yu Hua's heroes slide into depression while the warmth would become thelife foundation to save themselves and find the pleasure amidst the suffering forvictims. Based on such thinking, this paper takes the ”warmth of despair“ as thestarting point of Yu Hua's novels, restricting the research in the two novels To Liveand Chronicle of a Blood Merchant. Through the two works, the extension of thecreation of Yu Hua's suffering mother gave birth to despair and struggle of the heroand states the character's destiny consciousness. From the suffering of life and deaththreats, it states the connotation of ”suffering of despair “ and ”warmth of living“, andreveals the suffering unyieldingness and caring warmth of beauty of the charactersfrom Yu Hua's works.
Key words: Yu Hua; suffering; warmth; despair
目 录
摘 要
Abstract
目 录
绪 论
第一章 绝望之路
第一节 宿命的安排
第二节 生活的苦难
第三节 死亡的威胁
第二章 挣扎里的温情
第一节 对“活着”的信仰
第二节 承受苦难的坚韧
第三章 消解绝望的叙事策略
第一节 叙述距离
第二节 叙述重复
结 语
参考文献
