微博名誉侵权法律规则构建

　　摘 要

　　当今，越来越多的微博名誉侵权案件不断涌现，给人们的工作和生活造成了较大的影响，面对微博名誉侵权行为如何进行合理规制备受人们关注。微博名誉侵权作为一种新型的侵权形态，用传统的法律制度和侵权理论规制无法满足司法审判的需求，对于新出台的《侵权责任法》第36条的理解也是见仁见智，给司法实践中这一问题的解决带来了困境。因此，对微博名誉侵权问题的分析研究十分必要，微博名誉侵权问题亟待解决。利用微博这一平台，对他人的名誉权进行侮辱、诽谤的行为被称为微博名誉侵权。微博名誉侵权不同于传统名誉侵权之处在于其具有侵权主体的复杂性、侵权方式的便捷性、侵权范围的广泛性、侵权后果的严重性和侵权维权的困难性的特性，由于其特性往往会造成受害者巨大的物质损害与精神伤害。在动机上，微博名誉侵权主要包括为了追逐经济利益，获取更多粉丝量而侵犯他人名誉权的追求利益型；利用微博平台泄愤抱怨而侵犯他人名誉权的吐糟发泄型；通过报复他人，以牙还牙以眼还眼而侵犯他人名誉权的以牙还牙型；以搞笑取乐为目的，使他人的社会评价降低而侵犯他人名誉权的恶搞型四种类型。在成因上，微博名誉侵权最深层次的原因是立法的滞后性。目前，我国没有出台任何一部专门规制微博名誉侵权问题的法律法规，能够被援引的法律仍不完善，不利于司法实践中被适用。此外，微博名誉侵权的主要成因还包括：1.管理体制不成熟，我国对于微博服务提供者或是微博用户在管理中均未形成规范化管理，管理存在盲目；2.微博用户欠缺法律意识，恶意进行微博名誉侵权行为；3.微博“把关”难，由于通过手机、网络等客户端发布微博信息不受限制，导致在传播过程中常常出现微博“把关”难问题。我国现行的立法对微博名誉侵权的规制涵盖不够，微博名誉侵权的立法规制只能参照分散于现有涉及与侵权相关的宪法、民法、刑法、司法解释、相关法规规章及其他规范性文件中，监管与惩戒力度不足。尽管我国规制微博名誉侵权行为的立法主要是《侵权责任法》第36条，但仅靠一个条文规制远远不够，而且该条文在立法中仍存在一些问题，尚需完善。笔者建议应从以下几方面对规制微博名誉侵权进行完善：一是明晰规则内涵；二是补充完善现有法律内容。通过以《侵权责任法》第36条为视角，准确定义“知道条款”中的“知道”、规范“及时”的定义、具体划分网络服务提供者的范围、完善“通知条款”实施中的不足等；三是制定专门性法律进行规制，推进微博立法，从根本上解决我国微博侵权的法律问题，弥补立法空白；四是建立科学有效的政府监管机制，形成监管合力。从立法和政府监管两个角度规制微博名誉侵权行为，以期进一步完善我国的微博管理制度，为解决微博名誉侵权问题提供帮助。

　　关键词：微博，微博名誉侵权，言论自由

　　Abstract

　　At present, lots of MicroBlog reputation infringement cases constantly spring up,bringing influences upon people's work and life, and how to regulate thisphenomenon in a reasonable way catches great public attention. MicroBlog reputationinfringement, a new type of infringement, cannot satisfy the demand of judicialadjudication under the instruction of traditional law system and infringement theory.

　　It causes difficulty in judicial practice because of the various views to the Clause 36in new Tort Liability Law. Consequently, the analysis and research of MicroBlogreputation infringement is necessary, and is urgent to be solved. Using insults, libel orother means to damage the reputation of citizens is called MicroBlog reputationinfringement. MicroBlog reputation infringement and traditional reputationinfringement differ in the complexity of infringement body, the convenience ofinfringement way, the pervasiveness of infringement range, the seriousness ofinfringement consequence and the difficulty of infringement rights protection. Allthese factors cause devastating physical and spiritual damages. MicroBlog reputationinfringement in motivation includes: 1. pursuing interest:seeking economic benefit,increasing fans, etc; 2. Spit-slot and abreaction: using MicroBlog to complain; 3. anaye for an eye; 4. Kuso: making fun so as to reduce people's social evaluation. Theunderlying reason of MicroBlog reputation infringement is the lagging of legislation.China at present has not passed laws and regulations to deal with this problems.What's more, the law invoked is still not complete to be applied in judicial practice.

　　Besides, the main causes of MicroBlog reputation infringement also include: 1. theimmature of administrative system: China is blind in management, and has nostandard regulations for service suppliers and users; 2. lack of legal awareness: usersbear malice to infringe others; 3. checking difficulty: there is no limited for those blogusing mobile phones or net client, which results in difficulty in checking the spreadinformation. The existing legislation can hardly cover all MicroBlog reputationinfringement, when it occurs, we can only resort to related constitution, civil law,criminal law, justice and some relevant regulations and articles, and the supervisionand penalty power are not enough. Though we could find protection in Clause 36 inTort Liability Law, it is far from enough. What's more, there are some problems in it,and it needs improving. To improve the regulation on MicroBlog reputationinfringement, the author provides some suggestions as follows: First, to make a fullunderstand of the regulation; second, to perfect the current laws. On the basis ofClause 36 in Tort Liability Law, to define the word know and in time precisely, todivide the scope of network server in detail and to improve the defect in Noticesenforcement; third, to establish special laws for regulating so as to solve theMicroBlog reputation infringement fundamentally and make up the blank inlegislation; forth, to build a scientific and effective government supervisionmechanism, and to supervise and govern together. In order to further improve ourregulation on MicroBlog and settle the MicroBlog reputation infringement, weregulate the infringement from the perspective of legislation and governmentregulation.

　　Key Words:

　　MicroBlog, MicroBlog Reputation Infringement, Freedom of Speech
 

　　目 录

    摘要

　　Abstract

　　引 言

　　一、 微博名誉侵权的内涵及特征

　　（一） 微博名誉侵权的内涵

　　（二） 微博名誉侵权的特征

　　二、 微博名誉侵权的动机与成因

　　（一） 微博名誉侵权的动机

　　（二） 微博名誉侵权的成因

　　三、 我国微博名誉侵权的立法规制及其存在的问题

　　（一） 我国微博名誉侵权的立法规制

　　（二） 我国微博名誉侵权的立法规制存在的问题

　　四、 我国微博名誉侵权规制的完善建议

　　（一） 明晰规则内涵

　　（二） 补充完善现有法律内容

　　（三） 制定专门性法律进行规制

　　（四） 建立科学有效的政府监管机制

　　结 论

　　参 考 文 献