我国机动车道路交通事故侵权问题分析

　　摘 要

　　近些年，随着我国进入汽车时代，伴随着车辆的增加和道路交通的复杂道路交通事故损害赔偿案件逐渐上升为民事案件中数量激增，法律关系复杂，审理难度较大的民事案件类型。虽然作为侵权案件的一种类型，但是道路交通事故赔偿案件却涉及到《侵权责任法》中绝大部分的问题，例如在道理交通事故赔偿案件中如何准确确定损害赔偿主体；在不同归责基础下，如何精准划分相应的责任主体；在复杂的法律关系和繁复的法律事实中，如何明断损失的类型和范围等等。现阶段司法实践适用的《道路交通安全法》、《侵权责任法》以及《最高人民法院关于审理道路交通事故损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》等相关司法解释虽然对道路交通事故损害赔偿责任主体认定方面较之前的相关立法作了更加详细的规定，但是立法技术层面上依然存在问题。笔者根据我国现状，采用比较的方法，结合司法实践取得的相关经验得出结论，并提出粗浅的法律建议。全文共分为五个部分，第一部分介绍了机动车交通事故和道路交通事故侵权的概念及我国该领域的立法沿革。第二部分梳理了道路交通事故损害赔偿责任主体的几种较为特殊的情况。第三部分采用比较法通过对其他国家立法例及归责原则进行分析与探讨，反思与批判我国道路交通事故损害赔偿归责原则，并真实案例进行进一步的理论研究。第四部分结合前文的理论分析以及中国现存问题的提出若干完善建议。

　　从民事侵权角度来看，机动车道路交通事故侵权是指当事人违反道路交通安全的法律法规，或者基于意外事件，致使在交通通行中发生事故，因此造成了相对人伤亡或财产损失。本文的第一部分机动车道路交通事故侵权损害赔偿责任主体中分为四个问题进行分述，第一、擅自驾驶他人机动车情形中的损害赔偿主体问题；第二机动车所有权不完全情形下的损害赔偿主体问题；第三、挂靠情形下的损害赔偿主体问题；第四、车主无偿地邀请或允许下搭乘该车的人好意同乘下的损害赔偿主体问题。本文的第二部分中笔者通过中外对比的方法对机动车道路交通事故侵权的归责原则进行阐述。在本部分的第一个分子母中笔者首先对各国的归责原则的演进及评析，本文选取日本、法国等国家进行分述。在第二个部分中着重介绍我国现阶段的归责原则。在对比中明确我国规则原则。本文第三部分的中心分论点是机动车道路交通事故侵权的损害赔偿。

　　在第三部分的论述中，笔者首先明晰损害赔偿的概念及判断标准，然后在第二个小问题中着重论述了消极损害赔偿的问题并且针对我国的司法实践中精神损害抚慰金问题混乱的局面将精神损害抚慰金的赔偿作为第三个小问题予以阐述。在本文的最后一个部分中，笔者结合前人的成果及自身的思考提出了完善我国道路交通事故损害赔偿责任制度的对策和建议，大体上分为：完善立法体系，以解决立法和执法上的冲突；在立法的目的和原则上要树立以人为本的立法理念 ;完善我国机动车交通事故责任强制保险制度 ;建立和完善相关配套机制四个方面。笔者力图通过本文四个部分的论述和分析对我国的机动车道路交通事故侵权在司法实践中遇到的一些问题予以明晰。

　　关键词：道路交通事故，损害赔偿，归责原则，侵权责任

　　Abstract

　　In recent years, as China entered the automobile age, road traffic accidentdamages in civil cases, the number of cases has become the fastest growing and mostcomplex legal relationships, handle difficult types of civil cases. Road traffic accidentcompensation cases only one type of infringement cases, but it involves the “TortLiability Act” in the vast majority of issues, such as how to determine damages thebody; different attribution basis, how to accurately determine the corresponding mainresponsibility; how in both security and freedom of action dubbed premise reasonablydetermine the type and extent of the loss; and how to achieve “tort Liability Act”damages function, while public law through judicial means to achieve the purpose ofthe legal system in order to ensure the unity and coordination and so on. Applicable atthis stage “Road Traffic Safety Law,” “Tort Liability Act” and December 21, 2012implementation of the “Supreme Court to hear the case of road traffic accidentdamages applicable to a number of issues of interpretation” and other relevant judicialinterpretation although road traffic accident damages the body has done a moredetailed identification requirement, but the problem still exists on the legislativetechnical level. According to the status of the author, using the comparative method,combined with relevant experience gained in judicial practice draw conclusions andpropose superficial legal advice. The full text is divided into five parts; the first partintroduces the concept and the legislative history of the field of motor vehicleaccidents and road traffic infringements. The second part reviews the main roadtraffic accident damages several more special circumstances. The third part throughthe use of comparative law and legislation of other countries for analysis anddiscussion of responsibility principle, reflection and criticism of Road TrafficAccident Compensation Principle and the real case for further theoretical research.Part V made a number of recommendations to improve the theoretical analysiscombined with previously existing problems as well as China.

　　From the perspective of tort, motor vehicle road traffic accidents infringementmeans the parties in violation of road traffic safety laws and regulations, orunexpected event based, resulting in traffic accidents in traffic, thus creating a relativeof casualties or property damage. The first part of this paper road vehicle accident tortliability for damages the body is divided into four questions above, first, the case of amotor vehicle without driving others damages the main problem; the second case ofan incomplete vehicle ownership the main issue of damages; damages the body third,anchored circumstances under question; fourth, the owner free of charge invitation orpermission to take the car ride damages human kindness with the main issues under.

　　The second part of this article, the author through foreign comparative approach tomotor vehicle road accident responsibility principle infringement elaborate. In thefirst part of the molecule mother, the author of this evolution and Commentary on thefirst national responsibility principle, the paper selects Japan, France and othercountries in sub-state. In the second part focuses on the principle of imputation stage.

　　Principles of clear rules in contrast. The third sub-central part of this argument is thatthe motor vehicle road traffic accident damages infringement. In the third part of thediscussion, the author first clear concepts and criteria damage compensation, then thesecond question focuses on small issues of damages and negative for our judicialpractice mental solatium questions chaos the compensation for moral damagessolatium be described as the third small problem. In the final section of this article,the author of previous results and their thinking is proposed to improve our system ofroad traffic accident damages countermeasures and suggestions, generally dividedinto: improving the legislative system to address the legislative and enforcementconflict; in purpose and principles of the legislation to establish the concept ofpeople-oriented legislation; improvement of compulsory traffic accident liabilityinsurance; establish and improve four areas related mechanisms. I sought some issuesthrough discussion and analysis section of this paper on China's four vehicle roadaccident infringement encountered in the judicial practice to be clear.

　　Key Words:Road Traffic Accident,Damages Compensation,Imputation Principle,TortLiability
 

　　目 录

　　导 论

　　一、 机动车道路交通事故侵权损害赔偿责任主体

　　（一） 擅自驾驶他人机动车情形中的损害赔偿主体

　　（二） 机动车所有权不完全情形下的损害赔偿主体

　　（三） 挂靠情形下的损害赔偿主体

　　（四） 好意同乘，是指车主无偿地邀请或允许下搭乘该车的人好意同乘

　　二、 机动车道路交通事故侵权的归责原则

　　（一） 各国归责原则的演进及评析

　　（二） 我国现阶段的归责原则

　　三、 机动车道路交通事故侵权的损害赔偿

　　（一） 损害赔偿的概念及判断标准

　　（二） 消极损害赔偿的问题

　　（三） 精神损害抚慰金的赔偿

　　四、 完善我国道路交通事故损害赔偿责任制度的对策和建议

　　(一） 完善立法体系，以解决立法和执法上的冲突

　　（二） 在立法的目的和原则上要树立以人为本的立法理念

　　（三） 完善我国机动车交通事故责任强制保险制度

　　（四） 建立和完善相关配套机制

　　结 语

　　参 考 文 献

　　致 谢