摘 要
依恋是指个体与特定对象建立强烈情感联结的倾向。根据依恋理论，个体依恋风格通过童年早期与最初的主要抚养者之间的互动得以形成并具有一定的稳定性。依恋风格作为内部工作模型提供了个体感知环境并与之产生关联的认知图式，个体在认识自己、他人和环境时会持续受其早期依恋关系的影响。因此，对个体依恋风格的研究有助于理解和预测个体行为的发展。
在大量的依恋研究中，Bartholomew 和 Horowitz 于 1991 年根据个体对自己和他人的评价积极或者消极两个维度出发提出的依恋风格模型受到广泛关注。该模型将依恋风格划分为安全型、拒绝型、沉溺型和恐惧型四类。其中安全型依恋风格的个体对自己和他人都有比较积极的看法，他们可以享受与他人亲密的接触，也并不惧怕独处；拒绝型依恋风格的个体对自己评价比较积极，对他人的评价倾向于负性，对于亲密的情感关系是冷淡的，他们更看重独立自主的感受；沉溺型依恋风格个体对自己的评价较低，对他人评价较高，他们渴望与人亲密相处、获得他人的认同，十分担忧他人的否定和疏远；恐惧型依恋风格个体对自己和他人的评价都是较低的，他们需要亲密关系，但是更为惧怕与他人相处会受到伤害，因此回避与人过于亲近的接触。
对于依恋风格的研究通常采用问卷法和访谈法，近年来，考虑到依恋风格的内隐特征，以沙盘游戏、绘画等为代表的投射测验方式逐渐引起研究者的关注。
沙盘游戏是目前国际上应用最为广泛的非言语心理治疗工具，研究者为被试提供了一个“安全与自由”的空间，被试运用沙具、沙子和水将自己的内心世界以有形的方式投射在沙盘之中。关于沙盘游戏的研究表明，不同心理特征的被试在沙盘游戏的内容、制作过程和叙事等方面表现出显着的区别，沙盘游戏作为研究被试心理特征和功能的工具，其作用已经得到心理学研究者尤其是临床心理学家的普遍认可。本研究试图探讨个体的依恋风格在沙盘游戏中的表现。
目前，大学生的心理健康普遍受到重视，对大学生依恋风格的研究与评估有助于理解和预测大学生的心理问题，并提供必要的引导。本研究通过公开招募的方式，采用《修订版成人依恋问卷（ASS）》和《依恋风格原型自我报告（SASP）》对被试进行筛选和分类。最终选择 40 名大学生为被试（其中安全型 13 人、拒绝型 5 人、沉溺型 12 人、恐惧型 10 人），分别进行个体沙盘的制作。研究者对每个被试的沙盘游戏内容、制作过程和叙事部分进行编码分析，得到以下结论：
1.不同依恋风格被试在沙盘游戏的内容上存在一些差异性的表现。在沙盘游戏主题特征上，安全型依恋风格的被试较之不安全型依恋风格被试，会表现更多的治愈主题和更少的创伤主题。具体而言，安全型被试大多使用沙具数量适中，沙盘画面和谐、统一；拒绝型被试大多使用较少的沙具，沙盘画面显得空洞，缺乏内容；沉溺型被试在四类被试当中摆放沙具数量最多，沙盘画面中呈现的情景最复杂和混乱；恐惧型被试使用沙具数量也较为适中，沙盘画面大多表现出一种隔离封闭感。
2.不同依恋风格被试在沙盘游戏制作过程中的表现存在差异。就制作沙盘的时间和连贯性而言，拒绝型被试用时最短，沉溺型被试用时最长，安全型被试和恐惧型被试居中。安全型被试与拒绝型被试挑选沙具更为果断，目标明确，摆放沙具过程中较少做出改动，恐惧型次之，沉溺型被试选取沙具则通常需要反复的挑选、比较，在摆放过程中做出修改的频率也是四类被试中最高的。就制作沙盘过程中与研究者之间的互动而言，安全型被试与研究者发生直接目光接触，并进行一些言语沟通的情况最多，拒绝型与沉溺型被试次之，恐惧型最少。
3.不同依恋风格被试在沙盘游戏中的叙事风格存在差异。具体而言，安全型被试叙事简练，得当，逻辑性强、情感的表达适中；拒绝型被试叙事显得简略，笼统，缺乏情感的表达；沉溺型被试叙事较为繁冗，缺乏整体性，过度表达的情况较多；恐惧型被试叙事简单，概括，会压抑情绪、情感的表露。
关键词：依恋风格 沙盘游戏 特征评估 大学生
Abstract
Attachment is the tendency to establish a strong emotional connection betweenindividual and the specific objects.According to the attachment theory, each person'sattachment style was formed and fixed through the interaction between child and theiroriginal main caregivers in the early childhood and has certain stability. As theinternal working model, attachment style provides individual the cognitive schema topercepted the environment and associated with it.the individual in the understandingof themselves, others and the environment will continuous effected by their earlyattachment. Therefore, the study of individual attachment style would helps tounderstand and predict the future behavior of the individual.
In many attachment researches, Bartholomew and Horowitz according to anindividual's positive or negative evaluation to themselves and others put forward antwo dimensions attachment style model has been widely concerned. This modeldivided attachment style into secure、dismissing、preoccupied and fearful. individualwith secure attachment style have a positive view to themselvs and others ,they canenjoy an intimate contact with others, also is not afraid of being alone; individual withdismissing style are more positive of evaluating themselves, but their evaluation toothers tend to be negative, they are indifferent to intimate relationships and emphasizethe independent feeling; individual with preoccupied attachment style have lowevaluation to themselves and high evaluation to others, they are eager to be closetogether and get the approval of others, and very worried about the deny andalienation of other people; Fearful attachment styles individual view themselves andothers both low, they need close relationship, but more afraid to get along with otherswould be hurt, so they avoid too close contact with people.
Study of attachment style usually adopt questionnaire method and interviewmethod.Nowadays, taking into account the implicit characteristics of attachment style,sandplay,painting etc.as the representative of the projective test gradually aroused theconcern of researchers.Sandplay is one of the most widely used nonverbal therapytool around the world, researcher provides a “safe and free” atmosphere for subjects,the subjects used toys、sand and water to projected their own inner world into thesandbox in a visible way. Some sandplay studies revealed that different psychologicalcharacteristics of the subjects showed a significant difference in the content|production process and narrative of sandplay,sandplay as a tool to research subjectspsychological characteristics and function, its effect has generally recognized bypsychology researchers especially clinical psychologists. This study attempts toexplore the individual attachment style,s performance in sandplay.
At present, the psychological health of college students be wildly concerned,study and evaluation of college students' attachment styles can help understand andpredict college students' psychological problems, and provide the necessaryguidance.This study through open recruitment by the subjects volunteered toparticipate in, and then use the 《revised Adult Attachment Scale （ASS） 》 and《 Self-Report attachment style prototypes 》 for sorting. Finally selected 40subjects（secure13, dismissing5, preoccupied12 and fearful10） execute individualsandplay respectively. Then researchers coding and analyze each sandplay`s content,process and oral narrative part, the conclusion is:
1.Different attachment style subjects have some differences in the content ofsandplay. On the theme characteristics of Sandplay,than insecure attachment stylesubjects, secure attachment style will show more healing themes and less traumathemes. specifically, most safe style subjects in the sandplay can use a moderateamount of structures produced harmony and unified sense of the picture; Dismissingstyle is mostly use less structures, sand screen appear to be empty, lack of content;Preoccupied subjects in four subjects which use the largest number ofstructure,sandplay screen showing the most complicated and confusing; fearfulsubjects used structures quantity generally more moderate, sandplay picture mostlyexhibit a closed isolated feeling.
2.Different attachment style subjects have some differences in the process ofsandplay. In terms of the time and consistency of sandplay making, the trial ofdismissing style was the shortest, the longest being preoccupied style, and the securesubjects and fearful subjects centered. Secure and dismissing subjects selectedstructures more decisive, goal-oriented and make a few changes during the course,followed by fearful style, preoccupied subjects selected structures usually requiresrepeated selection and comparison,and the rate of making changes in the process alsoplaced in the top in four categories. For the interaction between subjects andresearcher in the process,secure subjects do most direct eye contact and speechcommunication with researchers, dismissing and preoccupied style followed, fearfulstyle do least.
3.Different attachment style subjects have different narrative style in sandplay. Inparticular, the security style subjects narrative concise, appropriate and logical, andhave moderate expression of emotion; Dismissing style subjects narrative simple,general and lack of emotional expression; Preoccupied subjects narrative moreburdensome, lack of integrity, have more excessive expression; Fearful subjectsnarrative simple, summary, they will depress the expression of emotion.
Keyword:Attachment Style Sandplay Feature Evaluation College Student
目 录
中文摘要
英文摘要
前言
第一部分文献综述与问题提出
1 文献综述
1.1 依恋理论及依恋风格概述
1.1.1 依恋理论的提出及发展
1.1.2 依恋风格和依恋内部工作模型
1.1.3 依恋风格评估方法
1.2 沙盘游戏发展简史及研究现状
1.2.1 沙盘游戏治疗的形成和发展
1.2.2 沙盘游戏的研究与应用
1.2.3 沙盘游戏作为依恋风格研究工具的适宜性
2 问题提出
2.1 研究问题
2.2 研究难点
2.3 研究意义
第二部分不同依恋风格大学生的沙盘游戏特征
1 研究目的
2 研究假设
3 研究方法
3.1 被试选取
3.2 研究工具
3.3 研究程序
3.3.1 沙盘游戏程序
3.3.2 统计分析
4 结果与分析
4.1 沙盘游戏内容的分析
4.1.1 沙盘游戏主题特征
4.1.2 沙具的使用
4.1.3 沙盘情景分析
4.1.4 画面呈现的事件类型及主观感受
4.1.5 自我像和人物关系
4.1.6 房屋的数量及类型
4.2 沙盘游戏过程分析
4.2.1 四类被试沙盘游戏过程的时长及连贯性
4.2.2 四类被试与研究者之间的位置关系及过程中的互动
4.2.3 四类被试动沙的程度
4.3 沙盘游戏中被试叙事的分析
4.3.1 四类被试叙事部分的记录
4.3.2 四类被试叙事部分的分析
4.4 研究结论
4.5 研究的创新、不足与展望
参考文献
后记
