我国存款保险制度的模式选择与构建

　　摘 要

　　金融安全三网包括银行监管制度、最后贷款人制度以及存款保险制度,这是一个完备的金融安全网应当具备的内容。我国目前仅具有前两种制度,存款保险制度还未建立。最早在 20 世纪 30 年代的初期的时候,西方的发达国家在建立存款保险制度上就做过一些初期的尝试,当时这些国家的出发点:就是为了稳定金融秩序,保护存款人的利益。1933 年,美国建立了联邦存款保险公司(FDIC),由其担当存款保险人的角色。自存款保险制度建立以来已经有 70 多年,其经历了多次金融危机的考验,因此,在美国建立了存款保险制度之后,世界上越来越多的国家和地区都建立了自己的存款保险制度。截止 2013 年,世界上建立存款保险制度的国家达到 111 个。顺应世界潮流的发展,我国也应当建立自己的存款保险制度。

　　本文第一部分主要是对我国存款保险制度的功能进行定位,笔者首先将存款保险制度所具有一般功能进行了描述,并归纳了当今所流行的几种功能选择模式,主要包括“付款箱”、“成本最小化”以及“风险最小化”三种模式。其次,笔者重点选取几个国家的功能选择进行了分析,比如美国是“风险最小化”模式的代表;英国、印度是“付款箱”模式的代表;日本则是“成本最小化”模式的代表。最后,笔者讲述了我国存款保险制度建立的必要性以及功能定位,主要是存款准备金制度存在一定的缺陷,另外我国利率市场化改革要求建立与之匹配的存款保险制度;最终笔者认为结合我国金融市场发展的现状,我国目前应当采取“成本最小化”模式。

　　文章第二部分主要是对我国存款保险机构的设立进行了分析。首先我国存款保险机构应当采取官办的创建方式,由政府出资设立;其次,对建立存款保险制之后,存款保险机构需要与其他主体协调的关系进行了梳理,主要包括与存款人、投保金融机构、中央人民银行以及银监会的关系。最后,就是否应当赋予我国存款保险机构代位求偿权进行了分析,笔者认为为了存款保险机构的深远发展,应当赋予其这种权利。

　　最后文章第三部分围绕我国存款保险体系建立的具体问题进行了分析,主要对投保对象、保险费率以及保险标的这几个内容进行了具体阐述。首先投保对象又包含了投保对象的设立以及加入存款保险制度的方式,笔者认为应当采取“属地主义”原则确立保险投保对象的范围,并采取强制性的加入方式。其次关于保险费率的设定,笔者认为我国目前应当采用固定费率,待存款保险制度成熟以后再采取浮动费率。最后关于保险标的,笔者主要从保险标的的范围确立、对保险标的的保护程度、赔付方式三个方面进行了分析。我国的保险标的应当包括活期储蓄与定期存款,笔者还建议将企业存款纳入保险标的的范畴;对保险标的的保护程度我国采用部分保护,即设定赔付限额;最后赔付方式笔者认为可以采取比较灵活的方式,现金或者转移存款赔付都可以。笔者采取的是从一般到特殊的研究方法,从国际上存款保险制度的一般功能、一般规定入手,过渡到我国的特殊选择,这种选择并非照搬他国经验,而是结合我国金融市场发展的现状,做出适合我国的选择。

　　关键词:存款保险,风险最小化,代位求偿权,保险费率

　　Abstract

　　Financial Safety Nets contain Bank supervision System, Lender of Last ResortSystem, Deposit Insurance System. These three systems are what a perfect FinancialSafety Net must have. Our country only have the Bank supervision System andLender of Last Resort System now, we haven’t yet build up the Deposit InsuranceSystem. In the early 1930s, the developed countries of the west did some initialattempt in building up Deposit Insurance System.The objectives of these countrieswere to steady financial order and protect the interest of the depositor.In 1933,theUnited States founded the federal deposit insurance corporation to act as the protectorof deposit. Since the creation of the Deposit Insurance System, it had experiencedmany financial crises during the past 70 years and finally turned out to be useful. Somany other countries and regions began to build up their own Deposit InsuranceSystem. There were 111 countries who had built up Deposit Insurance System by2013. To go with the tide of the world, China should build up our own DepositInsurance System.

　　In the first part of this paper, the author mainly talked about the functionalorientation of China’s Deposit Insurance System. First, the author had a descriptionabout the general functions of Deposit Insurance System and made an induction aboutthe most famous function patterns. There are three kinds of patterns: Paybox,Least-cost, Risk-minimising. Second, the author chose some countries to have ananalysis, America chose the Risk-minimising pattern, England and India were therepresentatives of Paybox pattern, Japan used the Least-cost pattern. At last, theauthor described the necessity to build up Deposit Insurance System and our choiceabout function orientation. The Reserve against Deposit System of China had somedefects, and the interest rate liberalization demanded us to have our own DepositInsurance System. Finally, the author thought that we should choose the Least-costpattern.

　　The second part of this paper had a discussion about the construction of depositinsurer. First, our government should fund to build up this institution. Second, thedeposit insurer should make a good relationship with other subjects in this system,including the relationship with depositor, insurance financial institutions, Bank ofChina, China Banking Regulatory Commission. At last, the author talked about thesubrogation right of deposit insurer, for the further development of this system, weshould give the right to it.

　　The third part of this paper was mainly about the construction of this system,including the insurance institution, premium rate and insurance subject. First, weshould use territorial jurisdiction to make sure about the scope of the insuranceinstitution; and the way to join in this system should be mandatory. Second, weshould use flat rate to calculate the insurance expenses. Third, the author mainlytalked about the insurance subject, including the range of insurance subject, the levelof protection, the ways to compensate. The insurance subject of China should containcurrent deposit and time deposit, and the deposit of company should also becontained. As for the level of protection, we could set a quota. Finally, the ways tocompensate could be flexible, cash or deposit transfer. The method is from general tospecific, we don’t just study other’s successful experience, we must choose the mostsuitable system for our country combined with the situation of financial markets.

　　Key Words:deposit insurance, Risk-minimising, subrogation right, premium rate
 

　　目 录

　　引 言

　　一、 我国存款保险制度的功能定位

　　(一) 存款保险制度的一般功能

　　(二) 我国对存款保险制度的功能需求

　　二、 我国存款保险机构的设立

　　(一) 存款保险机构的创建方式与资金来源

　　(二) 存款保险机构与其他主体关系

　　(三) 存款保险机构的代位优先受偿权

　　三、 我国存款保险制度的投保对象与保险体系的内容

　　(一) 投保对象

　　(二) 保险费率

　　(三) 保险标的

　　结 论

　　参考文献

　　致 谢