农村土地流转的制度优化研究

　　摘 要

　　农村、农业、农民即“三农”问题一直是我国社会发展的关键，它直接关系到国家的长治久安和国民经济健康有序发展，而土地作为农民赖以存在的根本，是解决“三农”问题的核心所在。而农村土地制度是农村土地问题解决的关键，所以对于农村的土地制度应该进行契合时代要求的革新。农村土地使用权利的自由流转已经是当代农业发展的趋向，因而完善我国农村土地流转制度是完善农村土地制度的必要之举。新中国成立至今，我国土地制度经历了三次重大变革，即新中国成立初期的土地改革、合作化运动与人民公社化运动、家庭联产承包责任制。自此以后，农村土地承包经营权流转的规模和速度超过以往任何一个时期，农民们的生产热情被极大的调动起来，也极大地促进了“三农”经济的快速发展。但是，我国现有农村土地承包经营权流转制度还很不完善，存在诸多缺陷和不足，无法满足农村土地承包经营权流转的现实需要。这样的现实状况，对于我国农业的现代化发展是不利的。尤其是对农民的切身利益的保障是无法得到有效保护。对于农村土地流转过程中产生的问题，本文就如何完善和改进现行农村土地承包经营权相关法律制度，在阐述农村土地流转的制度现状和现实困境的前提下，提出一些合理化构想，为我国土地承包经营权流转法律制度的完善提供一些新的思路。

　　全文共划分为三个部分，其中不包含引言和结论部分。

　　第一部分，主要阐述土地承包经营权流转的制度现状和现实困境。现实是制度的前提基础，只有在论述现实情况的前提下，才能完善相关制度。本部分从我国现行的关于土地承包经营权流转的制度开始着手，阐述关于土地的制度现状，进而分析关于农村土地流转的现实困境。这是研究流转制度的前提铺垫。

　　第二部分，论述土地承包经营权流转的意义。这一部分以农村土地流转的实际影响功用作为前提基础，论述了土地流转的现实价值。本部分主要从土地承包经营权的流转有利于农业发展、有利于土地资源优化配置、有利于土地的规模化经营、有利于发挥土地效益、有利于保障农民利益和有利于维护土地和谐发展等六个方面进行了分析，为研究农村土地承包经营权流转制度打下了理论前提。

　　第三部分，主要论述农村土地承包经营权流转制度的完善。以我国农村土地承包经营权流转的制度现状和现实困境为基础，进而论述农村土地承包经营权流转方式的完善、流转程序的完善、救济方式的完善、登记制度的完善、相关配套制度的完善及农民权益的保障等方面，继而对我国的农村土地承包经营权流转制度的完善略尽绵薄之力。

　　关键词：

　　土地承包经营权，流转，制度完善

　　Abstract

　　The rural, agriculture and farmer problem, namely the three rural issues is thekey aspect of Chinese social development and it has a direct bearing on the lastingpolitical stability of the state and the healthy and orderly development of nationaleconomy; besides, since the land is what the farmers need to survive, it is the keyaspect for solving the three rural issues. In addition, the rural land system is the keyaspect for solving the rural land issues; therefore, the rural land system should bereformed according to the demands of the time. The free circulation of rural land useright has became the tendency of modern agricultural development and thus theimprovement  of  Chinese  rural  land  circulation  system  is  necessary  for  theimprovement of rural land system. Since the foundation of new China, the landsystem has experienced three major revolutions, including the land reform in the earlyPRC, the cooperation movement and movement to form rural people's communes andthe household contract responsibility system. Since then, the circulation scale andspeed of the rural lard contracting rights has exceeded that at any other historicalperiod of time and the farmers' enthusiasm for production is aroused, which greatlypromotes the rapid expansion of three rural economies. However, the existingcirculation system of rural land contracting rights is not perfect and has many defectsand def ciencies and thus can't satisfy the practical needs of the circulation of ruralland  contracting  rights.  Such  realistic  condition  is  disadvantageous  for  themodernized development of agriculture in our country. In particular, the immediateinterests of the farmers can not be protected effectively. For the problems arisingduring the rural land circulation process, some reasonable conceptions are putforward for perfecting and improving the relevant legal systems of the rural landcontracting rights in force under the premise that the present situation and realisticdifficult position of rural land circulation are expounded so as to provide some newideas for the improvement of the legal systems of circulation of land contractingrights in China.

　　The thesis can be divided into three parts, not including the introduction andconclusion parts.

　　In the first part, the present situation and realistic difficult position of circulationof land contracting rights are elaborated. Reality is the prerequisite for the system andonly under the premise that the current state is expounded, the relevant system can heimproved. In this part, starting from the existing systems on the circulation of landcontracting rights, the present situation of land system is stated in order to analyze therealistic difficult position of rural land circulation, which is the precondition forstudying the circulation system.

　　in the second part, the significance of circulation of land contracting rights isexpounded. With the actual influence of rEUal land circulation as the premise, therealistic value of land circulation is discussed. This part is analyzed from the aspectsthat the circulation of land contracting rights is beneficial to the agriculturaldevelopment, the optimization of land resource, the scale operation of land, theproduction of land efficiency, the guarantee of farmers' interests and the maintenanceof the harmonious development of land in order to lay theoretical foundation for thestudy on the circulation system of rural land contracting rightsIn the third part, the improvement of the circulation system of rural landcontracting rights is discussed. On the basis of the present situation and realisticdifficult position of the circulation of rural land contracting rights, the improvementsof rural land contracting rights' circulation modes, circulation procedures, remedymethods, registration systems and the relevant supporting systems and the guaranteeof farmers' rights and interests are expounded so as to make a contribution to theimprovement of the circulation system of rural land contracting rights.

　　Key Words:Land Contracting Rights Circulation,  system Improvement
 

　　目录

　　引言

　　一、农村土地承包经营权流转的制度现状与现实困境

　　（一）农村土地承包经营权流转的制度现状

　　（二）我国农村土地承包经营权流转的现实困境

　　二、农村土地承包经营权流转制度完善的意义

　　（一）土地承包经营权流转制度的完善是农业发展的必然选择

　　（二）土地承包经营权流转制度的完善有利于农村土地的优化配置

　　（三）土地承包经营权流转制度的完善有利于土地的规模化经营

　　（四）土地承包经营权流转制度的完善有利于充分发挥土地的利用效益

　　（五）土地承包经营权流转制度的完善有利于保障农民的根本利益

　　（六）土地承包经营权流转制度的完善有利于土地和谐发展的现实需求

　　三、农村土地承包经营权流转制度完善的构想

　　（一）农村土地承包经营权流转方式的完善

　　（二）农村土地承包经营权流转程序的完善

　　（三）农村土地承包经营权救济方式的健全

　　（四）农村土地承包经营权流转登记制度的完善

　　（六）农民权益保障机制的完善

　　结 论

　　参 考 文 献

　　致谢

    引 言

　　改革开放三十年，我国农村土地承包经营权流转历经了从禁止到允许，从单一到多样。相关法律法规从无到有、从不规范到逐渐成熟完善的过程。农村土地是农民的生存基础，关系农民的生活状况，这也是我国实行农村土地集体所有的原因。但是，农村土地集体所有不能很好的发挥农民个人的积极性。因此，我国确立了农村土地家庭联产承包责任制。这一制度使得农村土地所有权和使用权区分开来，农村土地的所有权属于集体所有，而农村土地的使用权属于农民个人所有。由此，一种新的土地权利得以产生，它就是农村土地承包经营权，它独立于农村土地所有权之外的一种农村土地使用权。这种分离使得农民个人有了生产的积极性，我国的农业得到快速发展。但是，随着时代的发展，农业个人经营的形式不再适应新的农村形势。规模化的农业方式成为农业发展的出路。同时，农民个人之间的农村土地使用权开始流转了起来。但是，我国的法律对于农村土地使用权的流转的规定是欠缺的，这也导致了很多的现实问题。这种农村土地承包经营权流转的事实以及现实问题的出现，客观上推动了农村土地流转的相关法律规定的修改与完善。

　　本文从完善农村土地承包经营权流转制度的角度出发，首先对农村土地承包经营权流转的制度现状进行阐述，明确制度依据。其次对农村土地流转的现实情况进行陈述分析，明确现实依据。再次以农村土地流转的实际功能作用为前提阐述土地承包经营权流转制度完善的现实价值。最后，在以农村土地流转的制度现状和现实情况的分析为基础，提出完善农村土地承包经营权流转制度的构想。在上述分析的基础上，提出完善农村土地流转的建议。以期建立和完善农村土地流转的相关制度，进而不断完善农村土地市场，进一步推进城乡一体化进程，实现农民的最大利益。