夫妻共同财产单方处分行为研究

　　摘 要

　　婚姻家庭关系是身份关系和财产关系的统一，社会生活中夫妻间的财产关系不仅关系着家庭的存续发展，也是夫妻身份关系得以维系的物质基础。随着社会经济的发展，家庭所拥有的财富数额越来越大，夫妻分别以个人身份或婚姻共同体的代表身份参与民事交易活动，其财产处分权限会因不同的情形而产生不同的后果，对民事交易的影响也会渗透到交易的各个层面。

　　夫妻共同财产范围的确定是本文讨论的前提条件，夫妻共同财产是除法律另有规定或当事人另有约定外，夫妻双方或一方在婚姻关系存续期间所取得的财产，其与个人财产的主要区别在于该财产的取得时间是否为婚姻关系存续期间。对于夫妻一方的个人财产，其所有权人可当然的独立行使处分权，而对于在婚姻关系存续期间所取得的共同财产，我国《婚姻法》则明确规定了“夫妻对共同所有的财产，有平等的处理权”.这种平等的处理权，依据被处分的内容是否为夫妻生活中的重大财产或权利为界限，划分为日常事务的单方处分和重大事项上的共同处分原则。

　　夫妻共同财产单方处分权制度的设立，目的在于既能满足夫妻双方在日常生活中更加便利的需要，又能保护夫妻双方的财产权益。日常家事代理行为是夫妻共同财产处分行为中最主要的单方处分形式，这种代理权仅限于平常普通的生活事务，此时一方代表家庭所做的法律行为，视为夫妻双方共同的意思表示，对此共同承担连带责任。与日常家事代理权类似的，一般管理行为亦是夫妻单方享有处分权的重要形式，一般管理是为夫妻生活的基本利益而为的管理行为，侧重于财产的保存增值，包括房屋的简易修缮和收取租金等行为。我国《婚姻法》虽规定了日常事务的单方处分和重大事项上的共同处分原则，但对“重大事项”的认定标准并没有做出明确规定。笔者认为，基于对夫妻共同财产的保护，应将不动产及重大动产的处分、大额分期付款或贷款的购买行为、处分全部夫妻财产及无偿处分行为等对夫妻日常生活有重大影响的处分行为排除在单方处分权的范围外。

　　当夫妻一方的处分行为涉及夫妻生活中的重大事项，但又未与配偶协商一致时，这种单方处分行为则成为了无权处分。对于此类无权处分的合同，笔者认为其应为效力待定的合同，配偶一方可通过行使追认与撤销权的方式维护自身的财产权益，即配偶方确认合同效力时，该合同合法有效；配偶方拒绝追认时，该合同自始无效。法律在赋予配偶方救济途径的同时，为保护第三人的合法权益，维护交易安全，也赋予了第三人通过善意取得制度实现合同目的的救济方式。即无权处分人在将其占有的动产和不动产转让给受让人时，如受让人在取得该财产时为善意，则受让人取得该物的所有权。善意取得的构成要件包括：无权处分、买受人善意、支付了合理的对价、标的物已交付或登记四项，而“善意”的认定标准则是该构成要件中的最主要因素。笔者认为，“善意”的标准不仅包括第三人是否支付了合理的对价，更包括第三人在交易中是否尽到了一般社会经验所认可的谨慎和注意义务，以及对“有理由相信夫妻另一方已明确作出同意处分之意思表示”承担举证责任。

　　关键词：夫妻共同财产，单方处分权，善意取得

　　Abstract

　　Marital relationships are unified with identity and property relationships,property relations of the couple's social activity matters not only the sustainabledevelopment of the entire family, but also the material foundations to maintain thecouple's proper identity relationship. With the continual prosperity of the socialeconomy, the wealth of the family members increased rapidly, when couplesrepresented by each spouse or marriage community participate in the civil activities,the property disposition rights differed with the different situations, which alsoinfluenced both the civil activity and other aspects of social activities.

　　The confirmation of the range of a couple's common property is the mainprecondition to discuss the topic in the thesis, couple's common property is theproperty which is acquired during the existence period of the married relationship bythe couple or spouse, besides the regulations made by relative rules or appointmentmade by parties, the main divergence with the individual property is whether theproperty is acquired during the existence period of the married relationship. For theindividual property, the owner absolutely has the independent disposal rights, but forcouple's common property, Chinese Marriage Law explicitly stipulates that eachindividual of a couple has the equal disposal rights. The equal disposal rights,according to whether the property is the significant one or not, are divided based onthe principle that disposal rights of daily affairs is entitled by individual, and thedisposal rights of significant event is entitled by the couple.

　　The institution of couple's common property of spouse individual aims to bothfacilitate the couple's daily life and fully protect their property rights. Dailyhousework dealership is the most usual form to dispose the couple's commonproperty, the agency is available for the daily affairs, and here the legal actperformed by spouse individual is representative to the couple's common will, whichalso implies that the couple burdens the joint liability. Similar with the dailyhousework dealership, as another crucial form of disposal rights entitled by spouseindividual, general regulation act is responsible to the couple's basic interests, whichaims to preserve and increase value of properties, including simple fix of thedepartment and rent. However, Chinese Marriage Law states unclearly about how toconfirm the recognition standard of significant event. In my opinion, based on theprinciple to protect the couple's common property, the disposal act whichsignificantly affects the couple's daily life including the disposal of real estate, largeamounts of installments or loans, disposal of the couple's entire property, andfree-disposal act, should excel from the range of spouse individual disposal rights.

　　When the disposal of the spouse individual matters the critical event of thecouple's daily affairs, the individual disposal evolves to an unauthorized one if thecouple fails to reach an agreement. With respect to the unauthorized disposal contact,I believe that the contact remains ineffective, which means the spouse individual isable to subsequently confirm or repeal the relative rights to protect self's interests.

　　The contact is valid or not depends on whether the spouse favors it. To defend thelegitimate interests of the third party when exchanging and protect the exchangesecurity, when the legislation endows the spouse's effective relief approach which isfavored by the institution for the third party. In other words, when the unauthorizeddisposal individual transferred his （or her） properties to an assignee, the assignee isendowed to obtain the property if he （or she） is bona fide. Bona fide acquisition iscomposed of four parts, unauthorized disposal, bona fide vendee, paid reasonableconsideration, and paid or registered subject matter, above all, the recognitionstandard of the bona fide is the most dominant factor. In my viewpoint, the standardof the bona fide includes not only whether the third party paid reasonableconsideration, but also incorporates that whether he （or she） fulfills his （or her）obligations recognized by the general social experiences of caution and notice, andburden of proof of which the other spouse individual definitely agrees to dispose theproperties.

　　Key Words:The couple's common property, disposal rights of spouse individual, bona fideacquisition.
 

　　目 录

　　引 言

　　一、 夫妻共同财产的认定和处分原则

　　（一） 夫妻共同财产的认定

　　（二） 夫妻共同财产的处分原则

　　二、 夫妻共同财产可以单方处分的条件及情形

　　（一） 单方处分权的适用条件

　　（二） 单方处分权的适用情形

　　三、 夫妻共同财产无权处分的效力

　　（一） 夫妻共同财产无权处分的情形

　　（二） 无权处分合同的效力认定

　　（三） 无权处分夫妻共同财产受损害方的救济

　　结 论

　　参 考 文 献

　　致 谢