内容摘要
气候变化带来的剧变使得世界各国措手不及,频发的各类自然灾害(飓风、海啸、干旱等),使得人类社会根本应接不暇。然而,气候变化对人类生态系统的侵扰、冲击,并不仅限于天气和环境,各种气候变化的影响造成了连锁式的恶性循环反应:干旱导致资源匮乏、枯竭进而引发冲突与战争,海平面上升迫使人类被迫移居、迁徙,物种无法适应环境变化而造成生态系统的瓦解。气候变化不利影响在给加拿大、美国等高纬度国家带来冻土溶化后本国资源可开采量增加的同时,也使得许多地方如北极冰川地区、非洲达尔富尔地区、南亚孟加拉国地区、美国大西洋和墨西哥海湾地区以及南太平洋地区因为气候变化造成的干旱、洪灾等进而导致了人口的大规模迁徙的同时,催生一批批背井离乡的气候难民群体。可以说,气候难民和气候难民国现象的出现揭示了自然界对人类改造全球环境行为的一种负向反馈,构成了人类社会在 21 世纪需要解决的的又一大难题。
气候难民作为特殊的弱势群体,必须予以救济,然而气候变化扰乱现象对各国的不均等影响,使得仅凭气候难民原籍国往往无力实现充分救济,国际社会的合法、理性干预便应运而生。国际法作为动员各类国际主体参与国际事务的重要制度工具,应将气候难民问题纳入其全球政策议程,并通过立法以鼓励、指引、约束各类国际法主体在该问题上的集体行动。在对已有国际法律保障机制进行研究、分析的基础上,可以发现,气候难民问题可纳入到保障类似特殊群体(传统难民、迁徙者、无国籍者、国内流离失所者)之国际法机制中予以解决,但由于制度目标、工具局限等原因使得这种尝试存在难以破解的理论与实践困境。因此,在经济、环境变化日趋激烈的现今,国际规则必须有面向未来,而非一味惯性地固守过往。在对现有国际政策法律工具的优势劣处进行比较的基础上,坚持制度整合、问题联接的国际立法与执法思路,促进不同部门国际法间的协同配合,将气候难民问题作为国际气候变化适应和难民基本权利保护的交叉问题予以思考、应对。
国际气候难民法作为一项新兴的且以问题为导向的学术研究领域,因其自身所具备的综合性,使得其可以也应该成为国际立法意义上具有独立地位的部门国际法。因而,建构科学、合理的国际气候难民法便成为解决气候难民问题之必然要求,本选题试图对这一新兴部门国际法的基本立法问题加以研究,希望勾勒出国际气候难民法的基本面貌,为后续的制度建设提供前景预测和立法建议。除绪论和结论之外,选题将重点论述四个基本问题。依次如下:基本问题一,气候难民的国际法概念。该章通过分析理论界已有的国际气候难民的概念界定路径,提出界定国际气候难民概念的新思路,并在结尾处结合不同国别的气候难民实情加以类型化的区分;基本问题二,国际气候难民立法的必要性问题。本章在首章所界定的国际气候难民概念的基础上,提出了国际气候难民法律规范体系的概念,并在此基础上,分析现有国际法律保障机制适用于气候难民问题的可行性与局限进行分析,以得出重新构建国际气候难民法的制度需求;基本问题三,国际气候难民立法的主体内容问题,具体包括立法模式问题、基本原则以及具体法律制度三个问题;基本问题四,本文最后一章结合中国的发展现实提出了中国应对国际气候难民问题的基本立场与因应策略。
关键词:气候难民 国际气候难民法 国际环境法 国际人权法 国际难民法
ABSTRACT
Many countries in the world have not really prepared to deal with thebig changes caused by climate change, such as frequent natural disasters(hurricanes, tsunamis, droughts, etc.)。 However, the impacts of climatechange is not limited to the weather and environment, and the adverseeffects of climate change, such as the shortage and depletion of resources,and the sinking of islands caused by the sea level rise have forced a lot ofhuman beings to relocate and immigrant, and induced the issues ofworldwide climate refugees and climate refugee countries. The emergenceof the phenomenon reveals a negative feedback to the human society fromglobal environment, and it will be a big problem in the world in the 21stcentury.
As a special disadvantaged group, the international climate refugeesmust obtain relief from the international society. However, the unbalancedeffects caused by the climate change reveals that the countries generatingclimate refugees can't give full relief and in need of the intervention of theinternational community. International law is an important legal tool tomobilize the international system to take positive action to deal with theinternational affairs, and the climate refugees should be incorporated intothe policy agenda in the world. Based on the research of the existinginternational legal protection system, we can find that there are manysimilarities between the climate refugees and other special group, such astraditional refugees, migration and stateless. But because of the target andthe limited tools of the traditional international laws, the protection usingthese mechanisms is very hard to realize. Therefore, in the context of thetime of rapidly development in economy and environment, theinternational rules must face to the future, rather than blindly inertia forthe past. We should compare the advantages and disadvantages of theexisting international legal tools, and insist on the legislative ideas ofsystem integration and problems connecting, and regard the issue ofclimate refugees as a problem combing the international climate changeadaptation with protection of basic rights of refugees.
As a new and problem-oriented academic field of study, internationalclimate refugee law has an integrated feature; therefore it should becomeindependent legislative department of international law. Thus, theestablishment of a scientific and rational international climate refugee lawhas become the inevitable requirement of solving the problem of climaterefugees. This paper will comprehensively study the basic legislativeproblems of the new department of the international law, outline the basicfeatures of the law, and provide some predictions and legislative proposalsof the construction of subsequent system. In addition to the introductionand conclusion, the topic focuses on four basic questions. Firstly, thischapter will define the concept of international climate refugee law. Thechapter would sequentially define the concept by the existing analysis pathin theory, propose new ideas to define the concept, and distinguishdifferent types of international climate refugees according to the country'sdifferent situation in the end. Secondly, this paper will discuss thenecessity of the international climate refugee law. On the basis of theconcept of international climate refugee as defined in the first chapter, thischapter will define the concept of legal norms system of internationalclimate refugee law, and then the analysis of the feasibility and limitationsof existing international legal mechanisms can be used to protect the issueof climate refugees. Above all, there is a need to re-build a new system ofthe international climate refugee law to meet the needs of protecting theclimate refugees. Thirdly, this paper will introduce the main content ofinternational climate refugee law including three issues as follows, thelegislative model, the fundamental principles and the specific legal system.
Finally, the chapter will discuss the basic views and solution that will beused by the china to participate in the affairs of the climate refugees.
KEY WORDS: climate refugee; international climate refugee law;international environmental law; international human right law;international refugee law
目 录
引 言
一、文献研究简述
二、本文研究方法
三、本文创新之处
第一章 国际气候难民法律概念之国际法界定
一、国际气候难民概念的提出与存在语境
二、国际气候难民概念的传统条约解释路径
(一)传统条约解释规则的缘起及其方法体系
(二)传统条约解释规则适用于气候难民概念界定的尝试
(三)传统条约解释规则适用于气候难民的理论和现实困境
三、国际气候难民概念法律界定新思路
(一)基于演化解释方法的扩展性解释
(二)条约修订与气候难民概念之界定
四、国际气候难民的法律概念与类型分析
(一)国际气候难民之立法概念的法律表述
(二)国际气候难民之类型化分析与分类实益
五、本章小结
第二章 现有国际气候难民法律规范体系之适用
一、概念界定:国际气候难民法及其法律规范体系
二、现有国际气候难民法律规范体系之适用困境
(一)国际难民法律保障机制的可行性与局限
(二)国际人权法律保障机制的可行性与不足
(三)国际环境法律保障机制的适用及其局限性
(四)国际自然灾害法律保障机制的适用及缺陷
三、国际气候难民损害救济的诉讼尝试及其实践困境
四、本章小结
第三章 未来国际气候难民立法构成要素之设想
一、国际气候难民法的立法模式选择
(一)自下而上式的区域主导型立法模式
(二)纳入已有国际法律保障机制之模式
(三)自上而下式的新独立公约立法模式
(四)本文所主张之国际立法模式与理由
二、国际气候难民法应当确认的基本原则
(一)救济主体:普遍责任原则+辅助性原则
(二)救济方式:全球性措施+国际合作原则
(三)救济时机:风险预防原则+可持续性救济原则
(四)救济标准:双重权利保障+气候正义原则
三、国际气候难民法具体法律制度之构想
(一)风险预防类法律制度
(二)人道主义援助类法律制度
(三)基本人权保护类法律制度
(四)法律实施保障类制度
四、本章小结
第四章 中国参与国际气候难民治理之立场与策略
一、中国参与气候难民治理的国际立场
二、中国因应气候难民治理的国内策略
三、本章小结
结 论
参考文献
致 谢