律师庭外言论的约束问题研究

　　摘要

　　律师言论是律师作为公民享有言论自由的体现，是受宪法保障的一项公民的基本权利。但律师庭外言论有不同于普通公民言论的特殊性，存在影响自身信誉及行业形象、构成不正当竞争、侵害当事人合法权益、误导煽动社会情绪、妨碍司法公正和权威的可能性。特别是在网络新形势下，律师庭外言论呈现出新趋势，对司法实践带来了始料未及的冲击与挑战。因此，对律师庭外言论进行合法、合理的限制十分必要。

　　本文第一部分是对律师庭外言论与言论自由关系基本理论的论述，从普遍性与特殊性对两者之间的关系进行了探讨，从三大方面突出强调律师庭外言论不同于一般公民言论自由的特殊性，同时作为对其进行规制的三大理由，为下文的论述奠定基础。第二部分是对自媒体时代的律师庭外言论的进一步深化，主要涉及言论的特征、正反两方面的作用及其可能带来的危害。第三部分是对我国律师庭外言论规则的梳理，从全国到地方，层层分化，是对我国现有制度的反思，再结合前两部分的论述，认为对律师的庭外言论进行规制是十分紧迫且必要的。第四部分将视野转向境外，是对域外立法的简单介绍，主要选取了对律师庭外言论的规制较具有代表性的几个国家和地区进行了比较分析，为我国制定律师庭外言论的限制规则打开了眼界、提供了参考。第五部分是笔者通过上文的分析与考察，提出从三个方面在不同内容、不同层次，以正面列举与反面排除相结合，对我国律师庭外言论规则之构建提出具有可操作性的建议。最后一部分是对律师庭外言论还涉及律师执业的其他规则的简要概述，以期对律师庭外言论规制的作出更加充分、全面、深入的研究。

　　关镰词：律师；庭外亩论；规制

　　Abstract

　　Lawyers' freedom of speech embodies the freedom of speech entitledlawyers as citizens, which is a fundamental civil right protected under theConstitution. Lawyers' out-of-court speech, however, is exceptionallydifferent from the ordinary speech for citizens. It is possible to impact thereputation of lawyers and the image of the industry, constitute unfaircompetition, infringe on legal rights and benefits of the parties, mislead andincite on social sentiments and obstruct judicial fairness and authority.

　　Particularly, lawyers' out-of-court speech, under the new situation ofInternet era, emerges new tendency, which causes unexpected andunprecedented attack and challenge to judicial practice. Therefore, it is verynecessary to restrict and limit lawyers' out-of-court speech in a lawful andreasonable manner.

　　The first part of this paper is to analyze the principal theory of therelations between lawyers' out-of-court speech and freedom of speech inthe aspects of universality and particularity, and intend to emphasize thespecificity and disparity of lawyers' out-of-court speech from ordinaryfreedom of speech for citizens in three aspects, which are three mainarguments and reasons for restriction and regulation on lawyers'out-of-court speech as a foundation for the following statements; thesecond part of this paper is to further deepen the analysis of lawyers'out-of-court speech at the age of medium, which refers to features ofspeech, functions of speech in both positive and negative aspects and thepotential harm it may cause; the third part of this paper is to sort out andsummarize, from the whole nation to local places, the rules and regulationsconcerning lawyers' out-of-court speech, trying to reflect the existinginstitutions in China and stressing that it is urgent and essential to regulatelawyers' out-of-court speech based on the statements expounded in theprevious three parts of this paper; the fourth part shifts the viewpoint tooutbound environment with a brief introduction to extraterritoriallegislation, and intends to make a comparative analysis among severalrepresentative countries and regions having restrict on lawyers' out-of-courtspeech, which widens the vision and provides reference for China toformulate regulations and rules on lawyers' out-of-court speech; the fifthpart of this paper is to provide feasible and operable suggestions for thestructure of rules and regulations of lawyers' out-of-court speech in threeaspects with different contents and different levels, combining the methodsof enumeration on positive side and exclusion on reverse side, based on theforegoing analysis and investigation; the last part is a brief summary ofrules of lawyers' out-of-court speech and other rules concerning lawyers'practice so as to conduct a more sufficient, comprehensive and thoroughresearch on regulation of lawyers' out-of-court speech.

　　Keywords: Lawyers; Out-Of-Court Speech; Regulation.
 

　　目录

　　引言

　　第一章律师庭外言论与言论自由

　　第一节律师发表庭外言论是律师的言论自由

　　第二节律师庭外言论有不同于一般言论自由的特殊性

　　1.2.1误导公众，妨碍司法公正

　　1.2.2影响自身信誉以及行业形象

　　1.2.3.侵害他人的合法权益

　　第二章自媒体时代，律师庭外言论的新趋势

　　第一节律师庭外言论的传播方式

　　第二节律师庭外言论会导致“媒体审判”

　　第三章我国涉及律师庭外言论的规范

　　第一节全国人民代表大会颁布的相关规定

　　第二节中华全国律师协会制定的相关规范

　　第三节司法部的规范性文件

　　第四节地方司法行政部门和律师协会出台的相关文件

　　第四章国外关于律师庭外言论的限制

　　第一节“重大偏见的高度可能”标准

　　第二节《美国法律协会律师法重述》对律师庭外言论限制规则的注释与说明

　　第三节《美国律师协会职业行为示范规则》对律师庭外言论限制规则的总结与深化

　　第五章我国律师庭外言论规则之构建

　　第一节完善律师庭外言论行为规则

　　5.1.1.律师执业行为规范层面

　　5.1.2侵权责任法层面

　　5.1.3刑法层面

　　第二节规制律师庭外言论的具体规则

　　5.2.1.律师庭外言论限制的一般标准

　　5.2.2.律师可以发表庭外言论的事项范围

　　5.2.3.律师可以在一定限度内发表回应言论

　　第三节加强律师自律

　　第六章律师庭外言论所涉及到的其他执业原则的探讨

　　第一节律师庭外言论与律师宣传

　　第二节律师庭外言论与保守委托人秘密

　　第三节律师庭外言论与利益冲突的回避

　　第四节律师庭外言论与律师对委托人以外的第三人的责任

　　第五节律师庭外言论与尊重同行

　　结论

　　参考文献

　　致谢