摘 要
表达自由是指公民有权利通过语言、文字、图像、行动表达个人观点的自由。
我国宪法第三十五条规定：“中华人民共和国公民有言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威的自由。”这是我国关于保护表达自由的核心条款。《中华人民共和国集会游行示威法》、《中华人民共和国著作权保护 》、《中华人民共和国出版自由法》等以及一系列法规、规章是对表达自由的具体规定。互联网日新月异的发展，不仅改变了个人的生活，也改变着国家的政治、经济、文化。2015 年，随着国家“互联网+”行动计划的提出和推进，互联网对于整体社会的影响进入到新的阶段。截至 2015 年 12 月，中国网民规模达 6.88 亿，全年共计新增网民3951 万人。互联网普及率为 50.3%,较 2014 年底提升了 2.4 个百分点。网络表达也以一种非常重要的表达方式进入了人们生活。网络表达自由的概念是在言论自由基础上延伸而来。网络表达自由是指通过互联网表达言论、搜集和传播信息的自由。互联网的开放性、匿名性和无中心性一方面保障公民充分行使表达自由的权利，提高了公民政治参与热情，从而有利于我国民主政治建设；另一方面由于立法的缺陷、执法的困难以及网民素质不一，网络表达威胁国家安全、侵犯公民隐私权、名誉权等违法行为屡禁不止。所以对网络表达自由进行科学合理的规制十分必要。我国对互联网的规制的法律目前只有一部《关于维护互联网安全的决定》和四部行政法规，以及规章和地方性法律法规，而涉及网络表达自由的规定内容分散，没有形成一个统一的体系，这就为我国的司法实践带来了困难。
本文的目的就是通过梳理我国关于规制网络表达自由的法律法规，找出其中的不完善之处并分析其产生原因，在列举国外关于规制网络表达自由的先进经验的同时，立足本国国情，加以借鉴吸收，为完善我国关于网络表达自由的法律规制做出绵薄之力。
本文共包括五部分：第一部分论述了网络表达自由的基本理论，区分了表达自由与言论自由的概念。表达自由比言论自由范围更广，形式更丰富，是现在学者比较关注的新课题。表达自由借助于互联网的平台，就产生了网络表达自由这个概念。网络表达自由呈现出虚拟性、无国界性、以及极大推进民主性的特点，成为人权的新形式，因而也具备宪法的权利属性。
第二部分论述了关于网络表达自由的限制理论。由于我国网络用户和网站数量之多，以及网民的法律意识不健全，出现了许多违法犯罪现象。如利用网络散布危害国家安全的言论、滥用网络表达侵犯公民名誉权、进行“人肉搜索”侵犯公民隐私权等。所以对网络表达自由的规制问题迫在眉睫。目前关于表达自由的限制理论有两种立场和四种原则，两种立场是绝对主义立场和相对主义立场。关于表达自由的原则有比例原则、利益衡量原则、明显而即刻的危险原则和事前审查原则。这些理论及原则都为限制网络表达自由提供了借鉴。
第三部分着重论述了我国规范网络表达自由的立法现状与不足。关于规制网络表达自由的法律分为一般法律和特殊法律。一般法律包括《宪法》、《民法》、《侵权责任法》、《治安管理处罚法》等；特殊法律是指规范互联网的专门法律，包括一部法律和四部法规以规章。分析这些法律法规可以发现有以下一些问题：
法律效力层次整体较低、法律内容内存在重复或空缺、重规制轻保护等。这些问题都为规制互联网表达自由产生了阻碍。
第四部分介绍了国外关于规制互联网表达自由的立法模式与司法实践。美国相对来说持重开放轻规制的“自下而上”的模式，德国和韩国实行对网络表达自由严格规制的“自上而下”的模式，而韩国在实行“上网实名制”上的经验教训也值得我国深思。
第五部分综合分析上文，提出了完善我国网络表达自由法律规制的几点建议：在完善网络表达自由立法方面提出了将网络表达自由纳入宪法保护体系，使规制网络表达“名正言顺”、提高立法层级、出台专门系统的网络表达自由规制法、转变立法观念、增强对网络表达自由的保护、建立救济系统及国家赔偿程序等；在重视行业自律方面，支持互联网行业协会的发展壮大、鼓励制定规则解决纠纷；在加强国际合作方面，应该积极参与国际互联网管理规则的建立，创建讨论研究的国际平台，提高在互联网方面的话语权。
关键词：表达自由 网络表达自由 网络表达自由的限度
Abstract
“Freedom of Expression” denotes the civic rights to express personal opinionsfreely by language, written words, image and actions. The Article 35 of theConstitution specifies that “Citizens of P. R. China holds the rights of freedom onspeeches, publishments, assemblies, forming associations, processions anddemonstrations.” This is the core article of our national protection on “Freedom ofExpression”. A series of ordinances such as “Law of P. R. China on Assemblies,Processions and Demonstrations”, “Copyright Law of P. R. China”, “Freedom ofpublication of P. R. China” are specific provisions on Freedom of Expression.
However, the incessant changes of Internet are not only changing personal life, butalso our national politics, economics and culture. In the year 2015, as the action planof “Internet Plus” had been proposed and pushed forward, the effects of Internet forthe whole society reached a new stage. Until Dec 2015, Chinese netizens had reached688,000,000（six hundred and eighty-eight million）， with 39,510,000（thirty-ninemillion five hundred and ten thousand） new ones in this year. The popularity rate ofInternet was 50.3%, with 2.4% yearly expansion. Internet expression has also enteredcivic life as an important method of expression. “Freedom of Expression on Internet”was developed from “Freedom of Speech”. It means “the freedom in expressingspeeches, collection and dissemination of information on Internet”. Internet isanonymous and open. It also has no center property. It provides netizens a completeright to express freely and a growing passion to participate in politics, which isbeneficial to the construction of democracy. However, with the legislative defects, lawenforcement difficulties and poor personal qualities, violations on other citizens suchas privacy rights or reputations keep repeating. Therefore, it's important to set ascientific and rational regulation for Freedom of Expression on Internet. Now inChina, in controlling the Internet, there is only “The decision on safeguarding InternetSecurity” and four administrative regulations. The related regulations are unnecessaryrepeated and vague. There is no united system till now, which has resulted difficultiesin judicial practice.
The purpose of this thesis is to comb the laws and ordinances to regulate Internetin our country, so as to find the defects and seek those causes. By presenting foreignexperience on regulating Freedom of Expression on Internet, the thesis wishes thatChina can benefit from it while basing on our own national conditions. The thesis alsowishes to help China to complete the laws on Freedom of Expression on Internet.
This thesis contains five parts:
Part one talks about basic theory of Internet expression. Part one also states thedifferences between “Freedom of Expression” and “Freedom of Speech”. “Freedom ofExpression” possesses a greater range and richer forms. As a new topic, it's muchmore valued by scholars. With the help of Internet platform, Freedom of Expressiondevelops into “Freedom of Expression on Internet”, which presents a virtual,borderless and growing democratic feature, becoming a new form of human rights.
Therefore, it also possesses the feature of constitutional rights.
Part two talks about limit theories on Freedom of Expression on Internet.
Because a numerous number of netizens and websites in China, and Chinese netizens'incompleteness understanding laws and ordinances for Internet, these two facts resultin endless network crime and tortious acts, such as scattering rumors which harmsnational security, infringing citizen's right of reputation on Internet, “Cyber Manhunt”and so on. It is urgent to set regulations for Internet. Now the Theory of Constraints ofFreedom of Expression's possesses two standpoints: Absolutism and Relativism; andfour principles: Principle of Proportionality, Principle of Interest Balancing, Principleof Clear and immediate danger and Principle of Prior Review. These theories are allproviding samples for regulating Freedom of Expression on Internet.
Part three emphasizes the present situation and defects of our legislation forInternet regulation. Laws regulating “Freedom of Expression on Internet” weredivided into general laws and special laws. General laws protect the regulations madeby Constitution and other laws or regulations. Special laws are specially created forregulating Internet, which possess one law and four ordinances. By analyzing theseordinances, such defects were exposed: basically low in the level of law effect;empties and superfluities appearing in content of law; valuing regulations whileneglecting protections. Such defects are obstacles in Internet regulation.
Part four introduces foreign legislation forms and judicial practice on Internetregulation. Relatively, the United States of America holds a form of “From Top toBottom”, which valuing open and neglecting regulation. Germany and South Koreaholds a “From Top to Bottom” form while strict regulating Internet expressions.
Besides, “The Internet real name system” of South Korea gave great lessons andexperiences, which worth our country to think deeply.
Part five is a summary, making suggestions for completing regulations onFreedom of Expression on Internet for China. For completing legislation: Internetexpression should be put into the Constitution system and protected by it, so theregulation of Internet expression will be much more official. Legislation level shouldbe raised. Special laws for Internet expression should be made and systematized.
Legislative concepts need to be changed. Freedom of Expression on Internet shouldbe better protected. Relief system and national compensation procedure should beestablished and so on. For the industry self-regulation, the development of IDSC（Information Dissemination Service Center） needs assistance. Government shouldinspire IDSC setting regulations to deal with disputes. For strengthen internationalcooperation, China should actively participate in the establishment of Internetmanagement rules, helping to provide a national research platform. With it, China willbe able to acquire better discourse power about Internet.
Keywords: Freedom of Expression Freedom of Expression on InternetLimitation of Freedom Expression on Internet
目 录
中文摘要
英文摘要
引 言
一、 网络表达自由的基本问题
（一） 表达自由
1. 表达自由的概念
2. 表达自由与言论自由
（二） 网络表达自由的概念及相关理论
1. 网络表达自由的概念
2. 网络表达自由的特点
3. 网络表达自由的宪法权利属性
二、 网络表达自由的限度
（一） 网络表达自由与其他法益的冲突
1. 网络表达自由与公共安全的冲突
2. 网络表达自由与名誉权的冲突
3. 网络表达自由与隐私权的冲突
（二） 限制网络表达自由的立场与原则
1. 两种限制立场
2. 四种限制原则
三、 我国网络表达自由的规范现状与不足
（一） 我国关于网络表达自由的立法现状
1. 宪法关于表达自由的规定
2. 法律法规对表达自由的规定
3. 规范互联网的专门法律
（二） 我国关于网络表达自由法律规范的不足
1. 法律效力层次整体较低
2. 法律内容存在重复或空缺
3. 未明确规定对未成年人的保护
4. 对网络表达自由重规制轻保护
四、 国外规制网络表达自由的模式及实践
（一） 美国的法律规制模式及实践
（二） 德国的法律规制模式及实践
（三） 韩国的法律规制模式及实践
五、 完善我国网络表达自由法律规制的几点建议
（一） 完善网络表达立法
1. 将网络表达自由权纳入宪法保护体系中
2. 提高立法层级，出台专门法律
3. 转变立法观念，增强对网络表达自由的保护
4. 推广使用网络技术，将成年人与未成年人区别对待
5. 增强对个人信息的保护
（二） 充分发挥行业自律和个人自律的作用
1. 充分发挥行业自律作用
2. 充分发挥个人自律作用
（三） 加强国际合作
结 论
参考文献
后 记
