第六章 结 论
本研究以备战 2004 年雅典奥运会聘请的心理专家组成员作为研究对象,运用质性研究的理论与方法,具体应用文献资料法、理论研究法、访谈法等,探讨这些运动心理学家在针对重大国际赛事的国家队进行的心理学服务情况,包括他们心理干预的内容、心理干预过程、基本的工作模式与状态、应该具备的职业素质和伦理修养以及他们各自在开展工作的过程当中所受到的社会支持等,得出结论如下:
1. 运动心理学专家心理学服务工作中主要遇到的心理问题有:认知与技能学习、应激管理、运动技、战术训练、动机问题、注意力、人际关系、团队凝聚力、大赛中的心理应对、饮食异常、睡眠异常、运动损伤、想赢怕输、运动员文化水平问题、迷信问题、意志品质问题、自我意识。心理学服务中最多的心理问题是认知与技能学习(11 人报告,占总人数的 100%)和大赛中的心理应对(11 人报告,占总人数的 100%),最少见的心理问题是饮食异常(1 人报告,占总人数的 9%)。
针对上述问题运用心理技能类、训练方法类、辅助手段、心理治疗、心理强化、组织干预技巧(淡化处理)、用户定向原则几个方面对这些心理问题进行干预。报告使用最多的是问题解决方法,全部人员均报告过使用了此方法,最少的是组织干预技巧(淡化处理)的有 2 人,占总人数的 18%.
2. 运动心理学专家服务的过程主要分为任务定向和需求定向两类,一般在观察运动员训练之后以个体咨询或集体咨询、个人访谈、进行心理训练作为心理学服务的主要过程。在服务过程中心理学家获得来自上级主管部门和运动队管理层包括教练员、领队和运动员的社会支持,工作开展比较顺利的有 9 人次,没有获得来自运动队管理层的社会支持,工作开展不顺利,无法达到预期目标的有 4 人次。
3.运动心理学专家主要的工作模式有:咨询模式、临床模式、多学科体育科学模式和综合管理咨询模式。本研究中运动心理学专家最常用的是综合管理咨询模式。
4. 运动心理学专家认为重要的职业素质包括:心理学理论知识的基础、对运动项目了解、需具有创新精神、亲和力、信任感、灵活性、创造性、真诚、具有服务意识、热情和敏锐的洞察力等人格特征。
5. 根据实际工作经验,对未来运动心理学人才的培养上要注重(1)心理的专业知识(2)运动实践经验(3)临床实践(4)个人交往和沟通能力(5)体育相关领域的知识等培养(6)督导的指导下一定时数的运动队一线实习经历。
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在学校体育教学活动中,常常会发现部分学生对一些体育项目缺乏必要兴趣,不主动参与,甚至想办法逃避,实践表明,这常常是由于学生心理问题导致的。体育作为培养、发展健康人格重要的途径,是开展心理健康教育重要的载体。因此,在学校体育教学活动中,采取...
大学之道在明明德,大学教育的首要目的在于培育学员的健全人格和独立灵魂。现在,相当一部分90后大学生来自于独生子女家庭,成长于衣食无忧、集万千宠爱于一身的环境。进入大学校园开始人生第一次独立生活后,他们很难面对和正确处理新环境中遭遇的挫折,若...
心理技能训练是近代运动训练系统不可或缺的一部份,它影响并制约着运动员身体、技术、战术水平的改善,并可促使训练者心理过程不断完善,形成专项运动所需要的良好个性心理特征,以获得高水平的心理能量储备,使训练者的心理状态适应训练和比赛要求,达到最...