国际私法中弱者权益的保护研究

　　摘要

　　在当今国际民商事交往中，随着各个国家往来的日益繁密，领域的不断加深，对于“弱者”利益的保护越来越引起人们的关注。弱者权益保护不仅是保障人权的体现，同时也是追求实质正义的要求，不仅具有很深的理论基础，同时也是顺应当今国际私法发展要求的一种体现。在西方国家，对于弱者权益保护早已有了很悠久的历史，保护的方式和领域都相对完善。我国直到《涉外民事关系法律适用法》的颁布，可以说我国对于弱者权益保护的体系才初步建立。但毕竟我国在弱者权益保护方面的立法才刚刚起步，还有很多问题，需要我们去不断的解决与完善。本文总共分为四个部分，简单的解释弱者的概念和特征之后，从法学理论入手，分析弱者权益保护的理论基础，对于弱者权益的保护是符合保障人权理论和对实质正义的追求。第二部分主要归纳了当前国际社会对于弱者权益保护的主要方式和领域，主要是国际私法几大原则的具体运用，以及在涉外婚姻家庭、涉外合同、涉外侵权各个国家是如何通过具体的法律规定来保护弱者权益的。第三部分是我国如何对于弱者权益进行的保护，我国对于弱者权益的保护可以以《涉外民事关系法律适用法》为分水岭，在《涉外民事关系法律适用法》颁布之前，我国对于弱者权益保护的规定可以说是寥寥无几，丝毫不注重对于弱者权益的保护。在《涉外民事关系法律适用法》颁布后，将国外先进立法经验与中国国情加以结合，在涉外婚姻家庭关系、涉外合同关系、涉外侵权关系，这三个领域对于弱者权益保护进行了相关的规定。但毕竟我国对于弱者权益保护才刚刚建立，还有很多不足和需要完善的地方，第四部分就对于我国目前在弱者权益保护方面存在的问题进行了分析，保护弱者权益这一理念应该被提升为一项国际私法的重要原则，在弱者保护范围上也要进一步扩大，在具体的保护方法上也要解决现阶段的不足，使得我国国际私法能更好的保障弱者权益。

　　关键词：国际私法，弱者权益保护，法律适用法

　　ABSTRACT

　　In today's international civil and commercial activities, as countries betweenus is becoming more and more many, in the field of deepening, to protect the interestsof the “weak” increasingly aroused people's concern. Not only is the embodiment ofthe safeguard human rights,the protection of the rights and interests of the weak andthe pursuit of essential justice, not only has deep theoretical foundation, but alsocomply with the requirements of the modern private international law developmentone kind of embodiment. In the western countries, for the protection of the rights andinterests of the weak already had a very long history, and areas are relatively perfectprotection. In China until the foreign-related civil legal relationship of the applicablelaw “promulgated, may say that our country for the protection of the rights andinterests of the weak system preliminary established. But, after all, our country is stillin its infancy in the protection of the rights and interests of the weak legislation, thereare many problems, we need to solve and perfect. This paper is divided into four partsaltogether, the simple explanation of the concept and characteristics of the weak, fromthe legal theory, this paper analyses the theoretical basis for protection of the rightsand interests of the weak, for the protection of the rights and interests of the weak isconform to safeguard human rights theories and the pursuit of essential justice. Thesecond part mainly sums up the main ways of international society for the protectionof the rights and interests of the weak and the field, mainly is the concrete applicationof several principles of private international law, as well as the foreign-relatedmarriage and family, to a foreign related contract, infringement of foreign countries ishow to through the specific legal provisions to protect the rights and interests of theweak. The third part is how to protect the rights and interests of the weak in ourcountry, our country for the protection of the rights and interests of the weak in theforeign-related civil legal relationship applicable law for the watershed, before theforeign-related legal relationship applicable law issued,the regulation of our countryfor tlie protection of the rights and interests of the weak is very few, have no attentionto the protection of the rights and interests of the weak. In foreign-related civil legalrelationship applicable law,the foreign advanced legislation experience andcombining with China's national conditions, the foreign-related marriage and familyrelations, foreign contract relationship, foreign infringement, these three areas therelevant provisions for the protection of the rights and interests of the weak. But, afterall, for the protection of the rights and interests of the weak in our country has just setup,there are still many shortages and need to improve,the fourth part is about in theprotection of the rights and interests of the weak in our country at present areanalyzed, the problems of the protection of rights and interests of the weak conceptshould be promoted as an important principle of private international law, and also tofurther expand on the scope of protection, on the specific protection methods to solvethe shortage of the current, private international law in China can better safeguard therights and interests of the weak.

　　KEY WORDS : international private law,the protection of the weak,Theapplicable law
 

　　目录

　　引言

　　1国际私法弱者权益保护的理论基础

　　1.1保障人权理论下对于弱者权益的保护

　　1.2追求实质正义中对于崩者权益的保护

　　2当前国际私法中保护弱者权益的体现

　　2.1国际私法基本原则和制度对于弱者权益的保护

　　2.1.1增加冲突规范中连接点的数量

　　2.1. 2对“意思自治”原则的限制来保护弱者权益

　　2.1. 3直接适用“强行性规定”进行保护

　　2.1. 4适用公共秩序原则进行保护

　　2.1. 5 “最密切联系原则”对于弱者权益的保护

　　2.1. 6适用“有利于原则”保护弱者权益

　　2. 2对弱者权益保护在不同领域的具体体现

　　2. 2.1涉外婚姻家庭领域

　　2. 2.2涉外合同领域

　　2.2.3涉外侵权领域

　　3我国国际私法对于弱者权益的保护

　　3.1《涉外民事关系法律适用法》颁布以前我国对弱者权益的保护

　　3.2《涉外民事关系法律适用法》对于弱者权益的保护

　　3.2.1在总则中规定最密切联系原则和强行性规定

　　3. 2. 2在婚姻家庭领域对弱者权益的保护

　　3. 2. 3在涉外合同领域对于弱者权益进行保护

　　3. 2. 4在涉外侵权领域对弱者权益进行保护

　　4我国国际私法对于弱者权益保护的不足及完善

　　4.1应将保护弱者权益作为国际私法的一项重要原则

　　4. 2明确弱者的概念及扩大弱者保护的范围

　　4. 3用“结果选择”方法替代“规则选择”方法

　　4. 4对意思自治原则进行适当的限制

　　结论

　　参考文献

　　致谢