法官身份保障制度的顶层设计与落实

　　摘要

　　法官身份保障制度是法官职业保障制度的子制度，也是中国特色法官制度的重要组成部分。法官身份保障制度的构建同样也是法官职业化建设不可或缺的一环。探索建立法官身份保障制度，不仅是法官们的迫切呼声，更是拥有宪政梦的每一个法律人的共同心愿。法官身份保障制度的完善有利于保障法官审判的独立、提高法官的职业尊荣感和建立一支髙素质的法院队伍。因此，在推进我国法院队伍建设的过程中，一定要以完善法官职业化建设为重点，做好法官身份保障制度的顶层设计和整改落实。本文分四部分对这一论题进行阐述第一部分阐述了法官身份保障制度的一般理论，首先从正面界定了法官身份保障制度的定义，然后又从反面分析了法官身份保障制度与法官身份救济制度、法官职业保障制度和公务员身份保障制度之间的区别，以此更好地来把握该定义的核心内容，最后，笔者又归纳出法官身份保障制度的特征和功能。

　　第二部分从比较法的角度对该制度进行研究，分别介绍了英美法系国家的法官身份保障制度和大陆法系国家的身份保障制度，每一法系的介绍都分法官身份任期保障、法官身份惩戒保障和法官身份救济保障三部分来进行。最后，得出两大法系法官身份保障制度的异同点，以及对构建我国法官身份保障制度的启示。

　　第三部分主要论述了我国法官身份保障制度的现状与问题。现实状况主要介绍了立法现状和实践现状，立法现状主要介绍了与我国法官身份保障制度有关的法律法规，实践现状主要介绍了该制度发展的背景、两个案例和三个创新实践的经验。接着归纳出了三方面的问题。

　　第四部分提出了建议，应对我国法官身份保障制度进行内部的整改和外部的优化。内部的整改按照法官身份任期保障为基础、法官身份惩戒保障为核心和法官身份救济保障为补充的思路进行。外部的优化包括准入环境的优化、法律实施环境的优化和司法文化环境的优化。

　　结语部分笔者提出了要特别针对法官身份保障制度背后的痼疾进行改革，虽然阻力很大，但只要我们努力前行，就一定会取得显着的成绩。

　　关键词：法官；法官身份保障制度；任期；惩戒；救济
 

　　ABSTRACT

　　The identity security system for judges is an important component of theprofessional security system for judges,and is also a critical component of the judgesystem with Chinese characteristics. To explore actively to establish tiie identitysecurity system forjudges is not only the voices of the majority of the judges, but alsocommon aspiration of every people who owns the dreams of constitutionalism. Theimprovement of the identity security system for judges is good for defendingindependence of judges, maintaining honour of judges and constructing a judge teamwith high quality. Therefore, in the process of standardization,specialization andprofessionalization of the court troop, we must focus on the professional securitysystem for judges, elaborate the identity security system for judges and ensure to putinto effect. This paper is divided into four parts:

　　It expounds the general theory of the identity security system for judges in thefirst part, at first, the author define the identity security system for judges from thepositive side, and then,analyse the difference between the identity security system forjudges and the professional security system, the identity security system for civilservant. Finally, the author summarizes characteristics and functions of the identitysecurity system forjudges.

　　The author studys the identity security system forjudges from the perspective ofcomparative law in the second part. It includes the identity security system forjudgesof the civil law system and the identity security system forjudges of the common lawsystem, both of which introduce the security of term for judges' identity, the securityof disciplinary forjudges' identity and the security of relief for judges' identity. At last,we find the similarities and differences of the identity security system for judges inthe two legal systems, and get the enlightenment from them.

　　It discusses the present situation and problems of the identity security system forjudges in the third part, the present situation includes the status of legislation andpractice. The status of legislation, includes laws and regulations about the identitysecurity system forjudges; the practice includes the system'development background,two cases and three innovation practices. Then,to sum up three problems.

　　The author give advises in the fourth part, which is to reform the internal systemand to optimize the external environment. We should use the security of term forjudges' identity as the basis of the identity security system forjudges, use the securityof disciplinary for judges' identity as the core of the identity security system forjudges and use the security of relief for judges' identity as the supplement of theidentity security system,and optimize access enviroment, the legal enforcementenviroment and the judicial culture environment.

　　In the end, we should guarantee to eliminate the obstinate illness which is hidingbehind the system.although it is very hard, as long as we unite in a concerted effort,the future is birght.

　　KEYWORDS :judge;the identity security system for judges;term;disciplinary;relief

　　目录

    摘要

　　ABSTRACT

    引言

　　第一章法官身份保障制度的一般理论

　　一、法官身份保障权的概念

　　（―）法官的范围

　　（二）法官的权利

　　（三）法官的身份保障权

　　二、法官身份保障制度的概念、辨析及特征……

　　（一）法官身份保障制度的概念

　　（二）法官身份保障制度与相关概念的辨析

　　（三）法官身份保障制度的特征

　　三、法官身份保障制度的功能

　　（一）保障法官的身份不可随意更换

　　（二）保障法官身份受侵害时能得到救济…

　　第二章法官身份保障制度的域外比较

　　一、英美法系法官身份保障制度

　　（一）英美法系法官身份任期保障

　　（二）英美法系法官身份惩戒保障

　　（三）英美法系法官身份救济保障

　　二、大陆法系法官身份保障制度

　　（一）大陆法系法官身份任期保障

　　（二）大陆法系法官身份惩戒保障

　　（三）大陆法系法官身份救济保障

　　三、域外法官身份保障制度的异同与启示

    （-）两大法系法官身份保障制度的不同点

　　（二）两大法系法官身份保障制度的相同点

　　（三）两大法系法官身份保障制度给我们的启示

　　第三章我国法官身份保障制度的现状与问题

　　一、我国法官身份保障制度的现实状况

　　（一）立法现状

　　（二）实践现状

　　二、我国法官身份保障制度存在的问题

　　（一）法官“进不来”与“不进来”、“留不住”

　　（二）监督权的强化与审判权的弱化

    （三）法律的“软执行”与法律的“被真空化”

　　第四章我国法官身份保障制度的整改与优化

　　一、我国法官身份保障制度的内部整改

　　（一）以法官身份任期保障制度为基础

　　（二）以法官身份惩戒保障制度为核心

　　（三）以法官身份救济保障制度为补充

　　二、我国法官身份保障制度的外部优化

　　（一）准入环境的优化

　　（二）法律实施环境的优化

　　（三）司法文化环境的优化

　　结语

　　参考文献

　　后记