三套健美操《锻炼标准》的基本步法对比分析

　　摘 要

　　为了积极响应党和人民的号召，进一步落实《全民健身计划纲要》，使健美操运动在全国得到更好的普及与推广。国家体育总局自 1998 年至今共发布了三套《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》（以下简称《锻炼标准》）。本文分布采用文献资料法、录像观察法、访谈法、数理统计法等研究方法对三套《锻炼标准》的基本步法进行细致的分析研究，通过纵向、横向的比较探讨出每套《锻炼标准》基本步法的特点。从而为以后健美操的编排、教学提供参考依据。

　　通过对三套《锻炼标准》纵向的比较得出以下结论：三套《锻炼标准》基本都是随着音乐的级别越高，速度越快，运动的强度也就随之增大，动作完成的难度也逐渐的加大。这样满足了不同阶段人群的需求，随着级别的增高对锻炼者身体的要求也随着提高。

　　音乐速度也符合有氧运动对强度的需求，大都控制在 130-150 拍/分，始终保证锻炼者的运动强度在中等强度。

　　通过对三套《锻炼标准》横向的比较得出以下结论：

　　第一套《锻炼标准》对基本步法的运用比较的少，而且步伐组合也相对简单，一级中只用了 6 种基本步法，而且没有高冲击力的步伐，随着级别的增高，高冲击力步伐的数量增加的比较明显，没有具体的规律可循。对于动作路线的变化除了三级、四级的路线变化总数比较多，其他各个级别均没有太大变化。而对于动作方向的变化变化幅度比较大，一级仅有 8 次变化，四级达到 44 次，六级共有 17 次变化。这样起伏的变化不太符合健美操创编的特点。变化的角度也相对来说比较的多。无形中增加了锻炼时的的难度，对练习者带来了一定的负担。在运用音乐方面，第一套《锻炼标准》的整套音乐主要以迪斯科为主，节奏比较单一，并且与时代气息不符。初级的音乐速度较慢而且旋律并不不完整。

　　第二套《锻炼标准》中主要以基本步法的练习为主，上肢只起到简单的配合作用。并且巧妙运用步伐连接把两个简单的基本步法连接起来。增加了步法的多样性和趣味性。动作路线变化幅度不大，随着级别增加路线变化的越复杂。五级、六级涉及所有的路线变化。由于五级的高冲击力步伐比较多，所以五级中的方向变化和路线变化的总数都比较少。 其他各个级别与第一套相比动作的路线和动作方向变化较多。第二套的一级就有 18 次动作路线的变化，对初学者来说动作的难度相对较大。在转体角度方面增加了 225°和 270°的角度变化，而且角度变化总数比第一套《锻炼标准》明显增加很多。在音乐的运用方面比第一套《锻炼标准》更加规律合理。时间一般都控制在三分钟左右，二分钟的有氧操部分和一分钟的力量训练。随着级别的增加音乐的速度逐渐加快。并且在音乐风格上融入较多的元素，符合时代的潮流，给人印象深刻。

　　第三套《锻炼标准》在第二套的基础上，增加了步伐连接，并且能很自然地连接三个基本步伐，动作使步伐的多样性和创新性得到了体现，三套少儿部分的和成人套路的步伐没有完全一样，较成人套路稍微简单一点减少了高冲击力步伐，使少儿套路更加合理、更加科学。而且在编排上也更加的合理，有很大的创新。结构更加的合理，每个级别都有四个组合，不仅设计的是左右对称，前后也是对称设计。动作路线变化和方向变化设计的都比较合理，均匀。与前两套相比没有太多的起伏波动。并且在六级套路中出现了舞蹈的元素，增强了其表演功能，符合时代的特征，跟上当前流行趋势。在转体角度方面增加了 450°和 540°的转体角度变化与前两套相比角度变化的总数在增加，说明其难度在增加，角度变化更加复杂。

　　最后，从三套《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》基本步伐的变化规律的看我国健身健美操的发展态势。

　　关键词：基本步伐

　　Abstract

　　In order to actively response to the call of the party and the people, to further implementthe “national fitness program outline”, make aerobics better popularization and promotion inthe country. State general administration of sports since 1998 were issued three sets of“standard of national aerobics exercise public” （hereinafter referred to as the “standard ofexercise”）。 Distribution in this paper USES the literature material law, video observationmethod, interview method, mathematical statistics and other research methods of the threesets of “standard of exercise” basic footwork a detailed analysis and research, through thevertical and horizontal comparison to explore out the characteristics of each exercise“standard” the basic footwork. For the reference of arrangements, teaching in the future.

　　Based on the comparison of three sets of “standard of exercise” vertical conclude thatthree sets of “standard of exercise” basic it is with the higher the level of the music, the fasterthe speed, the strength of the movement also increase, the difficulty of the finish alsogradually increased. That meet the needs of the different stages of the crowd, with theincreased level of demand for exercisers body increase as well. Music also accord with thedemand of aerobic exercise on the strength, speed control in the 130-150 / cent, mostlyalways ensure the exercisers in moderate exercise intensity.

　　Based on three sets of the transverse comparison of exercise standard to the followingconclusion:

　　The first set of the exercise standard for the use of the basic footwork is less, and thepace of combination is relatively simple, only in the level of the six basic footwork, and nothigh impact, and with the higher level, high impact the pace of increase in the number of theobvious, there is no specific rules to follow. Route for the action of the total number ofchanges in addition to level 3 and level 4 of the route is more, the other at all levels are nottoo big change. For variations in the change of movement direction is larger, level 1 only 8times change, level 4 to 44, six levels of a total of 17 times change. Ups and downs of thischange is not too conforms to the characteristics of calisthenics choreographing. Change theAngle of the also is relatively more. Virtually increased the difficulty of the exercise, broughtcertain burden to practitioners. In the use of music, the first set of the music of a complete setof “standard of exercise”, mainly disco rhythm is single, and do not tally with The Times.

　　Primary slower music and melody is not incomplete.

　　A second set of the exercise standard, mainly basic footwork exercises, upper limbs onlyhave simple coordination effect. And clever apply pace connection connects the two simplebasic footwork. Increase the diversity of the footwork and interesting. Action route changesmuch, the more complex the as level route changes. Five, six levels of involving all the routechange. Pace due to the high impact grade 5 is more, so the five changes direction and routeof the total number of less. Every other level compared with the first set of movement of lineand movement direction. Second level there are 18 times the change of route, the relativelydifficult for the beginners. In the aspect of twist Angle 225 ° and 225 ° Angle changes, andtotal number of Angle change than the first set of exercise standards significantly increased alot. In the aspect of the use of music than the first set of “standard of exercise” morereasonable rule. Time control in 3 minutes or so commonly, part 2 minutes of aerobic exerciseand strength training in a minute. With the increase of level of music gradually speed up thespeed. And on the music style in more elements, conforms to the trend of The Times, is a veryimpressive.

　　The third set of “standard of exercise” in the second set, on the basis of increased thepace of connection, and can naturally connected three basic steps and actions make the paceof diversity and innovative reflected, part three sets of children and adults the pace of theformula is not exactly the same, more adult routine slightly a little bit more simple to reducethe high impact, make the children's routine more reasonable and more scientific. But also onthe arrangement more reasonable, there is a lot of innovation. Structure more reasonable, eachlevel has four combinations, not only is it left and right sides is symmetrical, design is alsosymmetrical design before and after. Action changes route and direction of design isreasonable, uniform. Compared with the former two sets of not too many ups and downs. Andin the six levels of dance elements, enhance the function of its performance, accord with thecharacteristics of The Times, keep up with current trends. In terms of twist Angle 450 ° and450 ° Angle of twist change compared with the former two sets of the total number of Anglechange on the rise, its difficulty is on the rise, more complex Angle change.

　　Finally, from the three sets of the pace of the basic of national aerobics exercise publicstandard change law of the development situation of our country's fitness aerobics.

　　Key words: The basic steps
 

　　目 录

　　摘 要……I

　　Abstract……V

　　前 言……1

　　1 文献综述 ……3

　　1.1《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》健身价值的研究 ……3

　　1.2《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》成套动作编排的研究 ……4

　　1.3《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》开展情况的研究 ……4

　　1.4 各套《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》发行期间的研究特征综述……5

　　1.5 关于《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》间的对比研究……5

　　2 研究对象与方法……7

　　2.1 研究对象 ……7

　　2.2 研究方法 ……7

　　2.2.1 文献资料法……7

　　2.2.2 录像观察法……7

　　2.2.3 访谈法……7

　　2.2.4 数理统计法……8

　　2.2.5 比较法 ……8

　　3 研究结果与讨论……9

　　3.1 三套《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》基本内容的分析……9

　　3.1.1 三套《大众全国健美操大众锻炼标准》规定动作分级的对比……10

　　3.1.2《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》动作的结构比较……10

　　3.1.3 三套《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》不同级别的基本步伐统计……12

　　3.1.4《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》套动作不同级别中基本步伐的基本步伐强度比较……15

　　3.2《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》3 套不同级别基本步伐的横向比较……19

　　3.2.1 第一套《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》不同级别基本步伐的难度比较 19

　　3.2.2 第二套《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》不同级别基本步伐的难度比较 22

　　3.2.3 第三套《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》不同级别基本步伐的难度比较25

　　3.3 从三套《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》基本步伐的变化规律的看我国健身健美操的发展态势。 ……28

　　3.3.1 不断创新和发展是《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》发展的主题 ……28

　　3.3.2 愈发突出健身性、文娱性和审美性 ……29

　　3.3.3 愈加科学、规范的辅导群众健身，为群众效劳 ……29

　　3.3.4 内容不断丰厚，方式愈加多元化 ……30

　　结 论……31

　　参考文献……33

　　致 谢……37