摘 要
电影在许多国家和地区被看作是关涉公共利益的社会公共事务，因而常被纳入行政管理的范畴。在一些国家和地区，电影管理属于“内政部”或文化部（局）、新闻（局）的事务。在中国大陆，电影业的行政主管机构是作为国务院直属机构的国家广播电影电视总局，电影审查权是由国家广播电影电视总局组织的电影审查委员会行使，电影审查委员会具有决定一部片子是否上映的生杀大权。在这种控权模式下，电影制作者和创作者的电影产业权利保护程度低，电影受众群体的电影享受权利也大打折扣；同时，由于行政权的过度干预，中国大陆的电影产业发展也受到了不小的限制。电影分级是目前国际上的通行做法，在平衡行政权和公民权上具有极大的优越性，最大程度的限制了行政权的滥用，也保护了相对人和第三人的权益。本文拟从理论上引入电影分级这一制度，以中国大陆为土壤，从行政法的视角下界定这一制度的属性，以夯实其法学理论和制度构建。
文章第一部分以电影分级制度的行政法界定为开篇，从理论角度分析电影分级制度在行政法视角下的两个属性即行政管理属性和行政许可属性，以法律关系层面的具体分析驳正现有理论界对此的界定。再而探究电影分级中的两类控制模式，并将其与行政控制模式相结合得出其分类模式，为该制度在中国大陆的构建埋下理论基础，也对电影分级构建模式的选择做出论述。
文章第二部分从现实国情出发分析构建电影分级制度的必要性。首先结合目前电影审查制度的弊端，从审查主体、分级标准、审查程序、权利救济四个方面阐述电影分级制度的优越性。其次，从行政主体作用对象出发，阐明作为电影制作者的行政相对人及作为第三人的电影受众群体在电影分级制度中可以获得的利益保障优越于现行电影审查制度。
文章第三部分对构建电影分级制度的可行性进行了阐述。在现实层面，大陆的电影产业发展相对成熟，受众群体日益广泛，在这一方面已经具备了现实基础。
在制度层面，中国大陆电影审查本身具有相对完整的法律法规体系，我国的户籍制度也能为电影分级提供必要的支撑。
文章第四部分将电影分级上升到行政立法层面，以制度的设计总结全文。同时以规制范式为基础，行政立法上平衡与效率并进为思路，首先对电影分级制度构建中所需遵从的行政法基本原则作出论述，其次对电影分级的主体、电影分级的标准、电影分级的程序进行设计构想，最后从行业自治角度出发，分析目前大陆电影行业自治现状及如何协调行政权和行业自治以便更好的构建电影分级制度。
关键词：电影分级 控权 行政许可 平衡理论
Abstract
In many countries and regions, movie industry is regarded as social public affairswhich are concerned with public interests; as a result, it is often included in thecategory of administrative management. In some countries , the film managementbelongs to the affairs of interior ministry, the ministry of culture, or the department ofpublic information. In Chinese Mainland, the administrative institution of movieindustry is StateAdministration of Radio, Film, and Television which is directly underthe State Council. Censorship is executed by movie review committee which isorganized by StateAdministration of Radio, Film, and Television, and this committeehas the right to decide whether a film release. In this control mode, it is lack of theprotection of film property right for movie makers and creators. This also affects thefilm audience right to enjoy the movie.At the same time, due to the excessiveintervention of administrative power, China's film industry is also facing a lot ofrestrictions. Film classification is the international practice and has a great advantageon balance the executive power and civil rights, maximum limit the abuse ofexecutive power, and protects the rights of the relative person and the thirdperson.This essay is meant to bring in the movie rating system theoretically which is rooted in mainland China,and we are going to define the identity of the system in the views of administrative laws in order to corroborate its law theorum and systematic construction.
The first part of the article introduced the film classification which is defined bythe administrative law system. Form the point of theoretic view, this part analysis thetwo properties of film classification in the perspective of administrative law,administrative management attributes and attribute analysis of administrative license.
Moreover, criticism and correct the existing theories in this filed definition under thelevel of legal relationship are also included in Part 1.Then the author explores the twokinds of control mode in the film classification, and introduce the classification model combine with the administrative controlmodel,which lay theory foundation for the construction of the system in mainland China and also to make debates about the choices of movie rating construction mode.
In the second part of the article, from the actual situation in China, the authordiscusses the necessary of constructing the system of film classification. First of all,expounding the superiority of the film classification system combined with thedisadvantages of the current film censorship system, under the four aspects, the censorsubject, the censor procedures, grading standards and right relief. Secondly, from theperspective of the administrative main functional object, this part discusses that thefilm makers and the film audience can obtain more benefit from the film classificationsystem.
The third part has carried on the analysis to the feasibility of establishing thesystem of film classification. In reality, film industry development is relatively maturein China, the audience is becoming more and more widely.At the institutional level,there is a relatively complete system of laws and regulations to censor film.AndChinese household registration system also provide a necessary support for the filmclassification.
The fourth part of the article will be a summary in a level of administrativelegislation.Firstly we shall debate the basic administrative principles which should beobeyed in the construction of movie rating system on the basis of standardized formatwith the thought of combining balance and efficience at the same time.Secondly,we shall design and outline the movie rating subject,movie rating standards and movie rating procedures.Finally, from the professional autonomy perspective, the authordiscusses the present situation of film industry, such as how to coordinate theadministrative power and autonomy of the industry in order to construct a better filmclassification system.
Key Words: Movie Graduation System, Power control, AdministrativePermission, Balance Theory
目 录
引 言
1 电影分级制度的行政法界定
1.1 电影分级制度的行政属性
1.1.1 电影分级制度的行政管理属性
1.1.2 电影分级制度的行政许可属性
1.2 电影分级的行政控权模式
1.2.1 放任的电影分级控权模式
1.2.2 折中的电影分级控权模式
2.构建中国大陆电影分级制度的必要性
2.1 完善现行电影审查制度的需要
2.1.1 促进审查主体的适格化
2.1.2 促进分级标准的明确化
2.1.3 促进审查程序的合法化
2.1.4 促进权利救济途径的多元化
2.2 保护行政相对人及第三人权益的需要
2.2.1 保护行政相对人的电影产业权利
2.2.2 保护第三人的电影享受权利
3 构建中国大陆电影分级制度的可行性
3.1 实行电影分级具备现实基础
3.1.1 电影产业发展相对成熟
3.1.2 电影受众群体多元化
3.2 实行电影分级具备制度保障
3.2.1 电影管理的“双许可证”制度
3.2.2 居民身份证管理制度
4 构建中国大陆电影分级制度之设想
4.1 构建电影分级制度应遵循的行政法原则
4.1.1 合法行政原则
4.1.2 程序正当原则
4.1.3 合理行政原则
4.2 构建电影分级制度的具体建议
4.2.1 确定电影分级的主体
4.2.2 制定电影分级的标准
4.2.3 规范电影分级的程序
4.3 协调行政权力与行业自治
5 结语
参考文献
致 谢
