摘 要
继最高人民法院对被称为中国“对赌第一案”的海富投资诉甘肃世恒案做出终审判决后,对于其中关于对赌条款的判决结果,学术界和实务界都引发了不小的讨论。此后,尤其是 2014 年以后,随着私募股权投资在我国蓬勃发展,由此引起的关于对赌协议履行纠纷的案件也层出不穷,并且该类纠纷已呈现出类型多样化、法律关系复杂化的趋势。在我国法律规则尚未对此作出明确规定的前提下,为充分利用现有裁判案例的参考价值,笔者利用现有的裁判案例,对对赌协议进行类型化分析,并归纳出相关争议焦点及其裁判要旨。
本文正文共分四章。
第一章首先厘清对赌协议的概念,通过与美国并购交易中的 Earnout 机制进行对比来探究我国对赌协议的本质,指出对赌协议是在中国环境下特有的一种投资工具。
第二章通过分析、归纳整理而出的案例,将对赌协议进行类型化分析。如,根据对赌协议的标的,其可分为上市对赌和业绩对赌;根据对赌方式来分,其可分为现金补偿/股权补偿类对赌和股权回购类对赌。通过对案例的类型化整理和对比,总结出我国法院针对同一类型的对赌纠纷的审判要旨。
第三章主要围绕裁判中的主要争议焦点--与目标公司对赌的效力问题,分别从公司法角度(资本维持原则和债权人保护机制)以及合同法角度(合同无效与意思自治)来论述对赌协议与我国法律规则的冲突与融合。
第四章在以上研究的基础上,从法经济学角度,对我国市场环境下对赌协议产生和发展的合理性进行分析,指出对赌机制是信息不对称与代理成本的选择,也是我国投资环境下投融资双方的合理需求。此外,为对赌协议在我国更好地发展、融合提出相关建议。
关键词:对赌协议 类型化研究 案例分析 效力问题
Abstract
Since late 2012, when the Supreme People's Court made its final ruling onHaifu Investment v. Gansu Shiheng, the first VAM case in China, different courtsand arbitration committees have been making controversial rulings and verdicts onthe enforcement of VAM cases. These controversial rulings and verdicts havecaused constant disputes and arguments, which can be seen frequently online and onnewspapers. This situation has been worsening since 2014. Since 2014, the amountof VAM cases has greatly increased; the categories of them have also rapidlyexpanded. Nowadays, VAM cases are faced with a difficult situation where therehave not only been both civil and criminal disputes, but also extremely complicatedfacts and multiple legal relations. For the purpose of utilizing current cases to its fullextent, I have studied current cases and their rulings and conducted an analysis onthe classification of VAM cases.
This Article consists of four chapters.
The First Chapter introduces the concept of VAM by looking into its essentialelements and by a comparison with Earn-out mechanism in the U.S This chapteralso points out that VAM is a special investment tool in China.
The Second Chapter conducts an analysis on the classification of VAMs bystudying, analyzing and sorting VAM cases. For instance, according to the purposeof VAMs, they can be divided into Public Offering VAMs and Business PerformanceVAMs; according to methods of adjusting prices, they can be divided intoCash/Stock Reimbursement VAMs and Shares Repurchase VAMs. By analyzing andcomparing different kinds of cases, this chapter summarizes the gist of court rulingsfor each kind of VAM disputes of the different categories in China.
The Third Chapter focuses on the most controversial part of court rulings – thevalidity of VAM with target companies. This chapter explains how VAM conflictsand blends in with Chinese laws and regulations from the perspective of CorporateLaw (i.e. Capital Maintenance Principle and Creditor Protection Principle), as wellas the perspective of Contract Law (i.e. Validity of Contracts and Party Autonomy)。
Based on previous research results from the last three chapters, the FourthChapter conducts an analysis on the reasonableness of the emergence of VAM andits development from the perspective of Economics of Law. This chapter points outthat VAM is an inevitable result because of the existence of asymmetric informationand tremendous agency cost. It also fits the reasonable needs of investors in thecurrent China's investing environment. In addition, this chapter provides suggestionsfor the development of VAM in China, as well as its integration with Chinese lawsand regulations.
Keywords: VAM Analysis on Classification Case StudyProblems of Validity
目 录
导 言
一、选题背景
二、研究目标和意义
三、研究方法描述
四、文献综述
第一章 对赌协议的概述
第一节 对赌协议的定义
第二节 对赌协议在中国的本土化发展
一、与美国 Earnout 机制的对比
二、中国式对赌
第二章 对赌纠纷的类型化分析
第一节 对赌协议类型化研究概览
一、对赌协议的类型
二、对赌案例类型化统计概览
第二节 投资人与目标公司对赌
一、约定目标公司现金补偿的类型
二、约定目标公司回购股权的类型
三、约定目标公司承担连带保证责任的类型
四、小结
第三节 投资人与原股东对赌
一、约定原股东现金补偿的情形
二、约定原股东回购股权的情形
三、小结
第四节 其他争议焦点类型
一、关于情势变更的抗辩理由
二、涉外对赌的特殊情形--审批是否为生效要件
第三章 对赌协议对我国现有法律制度的挑战--以与目标公司对
赌的效力问题为中心
第一节 从公司法角度分析与目标公司对赌的效力
一、与资本维持原则的冲突与融合
二、与债权人保护机制的冲突与融合
第二节 从合同法角度分析与目标公司对赌的效力
一、对合同无效观点的挑战
二、民法意思自治原则
第四章 对赌协议在我国的合理性分析--从法经济学角度出发
第一节 信息不对称与代理成本
一、信息不对称的必然结果
二、降低代理成本的合理选择
第二节 我国投融资环境下的合理需求
一、投资人的需求
二、融资方的需求
总结及建议
参考文献
后 记