我国环境行政公益诉讼制度构建研究

　　摘要

　　自改革开放以来，我国加快了现代化进程，经济有了飞速发展，随之而来的环境问题也日益凸显。水污染、土地沙漠化、气温变暖、雾霾问题等等一系列环境问题层出不穷，严重影响了社会的持续性发展和人民的生活水平。这背后除了不法分子不顾环境问题谋取私利外，也与行政机关以牺牲环境换发展的行政行为有密不可分的关系。政府作为公共利益的维护者，由于决策的失误或者主观的违法或不作为，导致环境公益受到损害的情况屡见不鲜，有关行政机关作为人民权益的维护者做出的此类行为理应受到法律的约束和制裁。

　　随着我国对于公益保护的重视，新《民事诉讼法》第55条规定了我国民事公益诉讼制度，开启了公益诉讼的先河。同时随着去年我国新《环保法》的修订，对环境公益诉讼基本依据和法律基础给出了基本规定，这成为构建我国环境公益诉讼制度历史性的跨越。但值得注意的是虽然我国对于环境公益诉讼做了概括性的规定，但对于环境行政公益诉讼并未有通过此次修订真正建立，也未写入新修改的《行政诉讼法》中，导致我国行政机关在环境方面的违法行为或不作为并不能通过环境行政公益诉讼的途径得到追究。而建立环境行政公益诉讼，不仅对于社会可持续性发展还是人民权益的维护都显得刻不容缓。

　　文章以环境行政公益诉讼的概念出发，结合环境行政公益诉讼的历史沿革以及它的概念和特点，讨论我国构建环境行政公益诉讼的必要性。在此基础上主要通过研究美国、德国和日本三国的环境行政公益诉讼的具体规定和特点/探讨对于我国的借鉴意义。接着笔者将对环境行政公益诉讼制度在我国发展的现状进行研究，提出原因分析，结合以上分析从构建原则和具体问题讨论两个方面来阐述笔者对于我国环境行政公益诉讼的建立构想。

　　关键词：公益诉讼，行政行为，环境行政公益诉讼

　　ABSTRACT

　　With the year of reform and opening up,our country is speeding up the processof modernization. With the rapid development of economy, environmental problemshave become increasingly prominent. The Water pollution、Land desertification、Warming、The problem of haze and so on,a series of environmental problems emergein an endless stream,which Serious impact on the sustainable development of societyand people's standard of living. In addition to seek personal gain in spite of criminalsand environmental problems behind this, there is a close relationship betweenadministrative behavior and administrative organs at the expense of the environmentfor the development. Due to mistakes in decision-making or subjective illegal or notas,and Lead environmental public interest damage. The government,as defenders ofthe public interest, should subject to legal restrictions and sanctions.

　　Along with our country to pay attention to the protection of public interest, thenew “Civil Procedure Law” provisions of article fifty-fifth of the civil public interestlitigation system in our country. It opens the public interest litigation. At the sametime as the revised last year, China's new “environmental protection law”. On thebasis of environmental public interest litigation and legal basis are the basic rules.

　　This has become the construction of China's history of environmental public interestlitigation system . But it is worth noting that although China made a summary of theprovisions of the environmental public interest litigation, and our country has notreally set up by the amendments to the environmental administrative public interestlitigation,and did not write the new revision of the “administrative procedure law”.

　　Which lead to violations of administrative organs in China in terms of theenvironment or not and cannot really be held as. The establishment of environmentaladministrative public interest litigation, not only for the maintenance of socialsustainable development but also for people's rights and interests.

　　The article bases on the concept of environmental administrative public interestlitigation- And combines the history of the environmental administrative publicinterest litigation and concept、characteristic. Discussing the necessity of theconstruction of environmental administrative public interest litigation in China, Onthe basis of specific provisions, it discusses its reference significance to china, mainlythrough the study of American, Germany and Japan's environmental administrativepublic interest litigation and characteristics. Then the author makes research with theenvironmental administrative commonweal litigation system in China's developmentpresent situation,and proposes the reason analysis. According to the above analysis,from the construction principle and the specific issues,it discusses two aspects toelaborate the establishment of China's environmental administrative public interestlitigation.

　　Key words: public interest litigation, administrative act,environmentaladministrative public interest litigation
 

　　目录

　　引言

　　环境行政公益诉讼研究

　　1.环境行政公益诉讼的概述

　　1.1.环境行政公益诉讼的历史沿革

　　1.1. 1公益诉讼的历史沿革

　　1.1.2环境行政公益诉讼的历史沿革

　　1. 2.环境行政公益诉讼的概念和特点

　　1.2.1目的的公益性

　　1.2.2主体的广泛性

　　1.2. 3范围的特殊性

　　1.2. 4诉讼具有预防性，同时兼有补救功能

　　1.3我国构建环境行政公益诉讼的必要性

　　1.3.1治理环境问题的需要

　　1. 3. 2完善诉讼制度的迫切需要

　　1. 3. 3我国法治建设的需要

　　1.3. 4规制行政行为的重要手段

　　2.国外环境行政公益诉讼概述和借鉴

　　2.1美国环境行政公益诉讼

　　2.2德国环境行政公益诉讼

　　2. 3日本环境行政公益诉讼

　　2.4国外环境行政公益诉讼借鉴

　　2.4.1突破传统诉讼理论，拓宽原告资格

　　2.4. 2把抽象行政行为纳入司法审查范围

　　2. 4. 3实行举证责任转移制度

　　2.4. 4设置诉讼前置程序

　　2.4. 5设立环境行政公益诉讼激励机制

　　3?我国环境行政公益诉讼的构建

　　3.1环境行政公益诉讼制度在我国发展现状

　　3.1. 1法律规定现状

　　3.1.2司法实践现状

　　3.2原因分析

　　3.2.1环境行政公益诉讼未真正建立

　　3. 2. 2诉讼主体的严格限制

　　3. 2. 3欠缺具体的实操规则

　　3.2.4社会组织意愿不够或能力不强

　　3. 3建构我国环境行政公益诉讼制度的原则

　　3.3.1以保护环境公共利益为原则

　　3. 3. 2-以国家适当干预为原则

　　3. 4建构环境行政公益诉讼制度的具体规则

　　3. 4.1设置诉讼前置程序

　　3. 4. 2我国环境行政公益诉讼的管辖权

　　3. 4. 3我国环境行政诉讼中原告的资格

　　3. 4. 4我国环境行政诉讼中的诉讼范围。：

　　3. 4. 5我国环境行政诉讼中举证责任分配

　　3. 4. 6我国环境行政诉讼的诉讼时效

　　3. 4. 7我国环境行政诉讼的诉讼费用

　　3. 4. 8为除检察院外的原告引进法律援助制度

　　3. 4. 9建立激励机制

　　参考文献

　　致谢