太极拳技击中的八种推手方法研究

　　中文摘要

　　太极拳是武术的重要拳种之一，从运动形式上来说，它以腰为主、缠绕螺旋带动四肢，使全身各部位协调一致，具有内外统一、整体合一的运动形式。

　　从文化内涵而言，它通过太极十三势来体现阴阳之道，深刻体现中国“天人合一”的哲学思想。太极拳的魅力不仅在于它有着独特的健身价值、养生价值，太极拳在技击方面的价值和作用更是促使太极拳风靡全世界的原因之一。

　　太极拳的技击主要体现在推手中，通过推手可以达到知己知彼的作用，从而验证每一招每一式的正确性和合理性。研究推手必然要从基本的八种方法入手。八法即掤、捋、挤、按、采、挒、肘、靠，是八种太极拳独有的运用方法，是太极拳尤其是太极推手的核心内容。八法分别对应着八卦的坎、离、震、兑、乾、坤、艮、巽。八卦的八个方位是静止的，太极八法则是运动的，这种运动是通过腰的变化使得八法的方位不停地变化一动而全动。八法中的每一法， 都体现出太极阴阳之道、千变万化之法，这就是太极拳阴阳互变的本质所在。

　　本文通过文献资料法、专家访谈法和逻辑分析法，对太极拳八法在推手中的运用进行如下研究：

　　第一部分从太极推手和八法的释义入手，对之前众多老师关于这方面的释义进行总结。第二部分的研究是关于太极八法的运用基础，在推手中要想更好的运用八法，必须要具备站桩基础、盘架基础、喂招基础，这三者缺一不可，相辅相成。通过站桩，可以增强身体的松沉，增加腿部力量；通过盘架，可以熟练八法的动作，提高自身的稳定性和灵敏性；通过喂招，可以熟练八法动作的使用，增强自身的感知力。第三部分是关于八法在推手的听劲、引化和发放三个阶段的具体运用，这三个阶段是紧密相连且相辅相成的。

　　经过本文的研究，得出以下结论：

　　第一，太极八法的运用效果：听劲阶段需要用的方法是掤，通过掤听和对方做到同步同速，从而达到来叫顺送的效果；引化阶段常用的方法是捋法、采法，都是达到引进落空的效果；发放阶段常用的方法是挒法、挤法、按法、肘法、靠法，分别可以达到旋转发放、随化随发和贴身发放的效果。

　　第二，太极八法的运用核心：掤须圆撑要始终，捋须顺随劲力同，挤须人撤要得横，按须腰攻走弧形，采须十指勿放松，挒须旋翻扳倒功，肘须屈使滚压冲，靠须贴身劲要崩。

　　第三，太极八法的运用过程：接手-掤听-使用捋法或采法-引进落空；接手-掤听-使用挒法、挤法、按法、肘法、靠法-发放；接手-掤听-引化-使用挒法、挤法、按法、肘法、靠法-发放。八法在太极推手的三个阶段分别承担着不同的作用，但是在推手的综合运用中，八法的每个动作都不是孤立存在的，都是相辅相成的，在使用时要根据对方的变化进行有机的结合，才能达到更好地运用效果。

　　关键词：八法；推手；运用

    Abstract

　　Tai Ji Quan is one of the important practiser of martial arts, from the form ofmovement, it is given priority to with waist, winding screw driving limbs, makecoordinated various areas of the body, with inside and outside the unity, the unity ofthe whole movement form. From the cultural connotation, for its part, through toreflect the way of Yin and Yang tai chi 13 potential, reflecting the Chinese philosophyof nature and humanity. The charm of tai chi not only is that it has a unique fitnessvalue, the health value of Tai Ji Quan in the art of value and the role of one of thereasons is prompting Tai Ji Quan is popular all over the world.

　　Art of Tai Ji Quan is mainly in pushing hands, through the driver can reach theenemy and know yourself, to verify the correctness and rationality of the each foreach type. The driver must start from basic eight ways. Eight method -- namely,stroke, squeeze, press, mining, spliting, elbow, depend, is unique to the eight kinds ofTai Ji Quan the use of the method, is the core content of Tai Ji Quan, especially thepushing hands. Eight method respectively corresponds to the gossip of the camp,away from the earthquake, the, dried, kun, gen, xun. Gossip eight azimuth isstationary, Tai ji eight rules are in motion, this movement is through the change of thewaist makes eight method of azimuth constantly change and all move. Eight methodin each method, all embody the tai chi, Yin and Yang of kaleidoscope, this is theessence of Tai Ji Quan interconversion of Yin and Yang.

　　This article through the literature material law, expert interview and logicalanalysis, the method of Tai Ji Quan in the use of force in the following research:

　　The first part starts with the definition of taiji tuishou and 8 method, before formany teachers about the ways of interpretation is summarized. The second part of theresearch is about the use of tai chi eight method based, in pushing hands in order tobetter use eight method, must have tray foundation, pile foundation, and feed forfoundation. Eight method through the tray, can skilled movements, improve itsstability and sensitivity. By standing pile, can improve the body's heavy, increase theleg strength. By feeding, the use of eight method can skilled movements, enhancetheir perception. The landscapes themselves, complement each other. The third part isabout eight method in listening to strength, guide and issuing of the driving forcesbehind the concrete application of the three stages of the three stages are closelylinked, complementary to each other.

　　In this paper the research, the following conclusions:

　　First, the use effect of Tai Ji eight method: listening to strength phase method is--, listen through -- and the other person's synchronized with speed, so as to achieve tocall down send effect; Lead the phase smoothing method, the mining method iscommonly used, is to achieve the effect of introducing failed; Distributed phasespliting method is commonly used, squeezing method, according to the law, elbow,rely on a method, distribution of rotation can be achieved respectively, increases withthe increasing of the hair and the effect of personal issue.

　　Second, Tai Ji eight method using core: -- must support always, le must beflowing with strength, with crowded people withdraw for horizontal, according to theattack must be waist arc, mining must fingers do not relax, spliting must spin turndown work, elbow flexor must make rolling, by personal strength to collapse.

　　Third, Tai Ji eight method using process: take over - -- listen to - use smoothingmethod or mining method - introduce failed; Take over - -- - use spliting method,method, according to the law, elbow, by - issued; Take over - -- listen to - lead - usespliting method, method, according to the law, elbow, by law - distribution. Eightmethod respectively in the three stages of tai ji tui shou bear the different role, but inthe integrated use of the driving forces behind the eight method every movement isnot exist in isolation, are complementary to each other, when used according to eachother's changes in organic union, can achieve better use effect.

　　Keywords:eight method ;pushing hands;wield
 

　　目 录

　　中文摘要……I

　　Abstract……III

　　1 导论 ……1

　　1.1 选题目的和意义 ……1

　　1.2 研究现状与分析 ……2

　　1.2.1 理论方面研究 ……2

　　1.2.2 实践方面研究 ……4

　　1.3 研究方法 ……5

　　1.3.1 文献资料法 ……5

　　1.3.2 专家访谈法 ……6

　　1.3.3 逻辑分析法 ……6

　　2 太极推手八法的释义 ……6

　　2.1 太极推手释义 ……6

　　2.2 太极八法释义 ……7

　　3 太极推手八法运用基础 ……11

　　3.1 站桩 ……11

　　3.2 盘架 ……12

　　3.3 喂招 ……14

　　4 太极推手八法的运用 ……15

　　4.1 听劲阶段 ……15

　　4.1.1 掤和听劲的关系 ……16

　　4.1.2 掤的动作分析 ……16

　　4.1.3 掤在听劲阶段的运用 ……17

　　4.2 引化阶段 ……20

　　4.2.1 捋和采的动作分析 ……20

　　4.2.2 捋法在引化阶段的运用 ……21

　　4.2.3 采法在引化阶段的运用 ……23

　　4.3 发放阶段 ……25

　　4.3.1 挒、挤、按、肘、靠的动作分析 ……25

　　4.3.2 挒法在发放阶段的运用 ……27

　　4.3.3 挤法和按法在发放阶段的运用 ……30

　　4.3.4 肘法和靠法在发放阶段的运用 ……35

　　5 结论 ……40

　　参考文献……41

　　致谢……43